2,4-D	2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
AA	Ascorbic acid
ABTS	2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
AI	Artificial intelligence
AMBR	Automated micro-bioreactor system
ATR-FTIR	Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared
AtUGD1	Arabidopsis thaliana UDP-glucose dehydrogenase 1
BAP	6-Benzylaminopurine
BY-2	Bright Yellow 2 (Nicotiana tabacum cell line)
db-cAMP	Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CH and CHN	Chenopodium rubrum cell lines
C.I.	Color index
CIM	Callus induction medium
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
cyclo-DOPA	Cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
CYP76AD	Cytochrome P450 family 76 subfamily AD
DAD	Diode array detector
DE	Dry extract
DI-IM-MS	Direct infusion–ion mobility–mass spectrometry
DM	Dry mass
DMSO	Dimethyl sulfoxide
DODA	DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase
DoE	Design of experiments
L-DOPA	3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
DPPH	2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
DT	Dry tissue
DW	Dry weight
E123/E162	EU “E-number” of food colorants: E123, Amaranth synthetic azo dye; E162, Beetroot Red/betanin-rich beetroot extract
EC50	Half-maximal effective concentration
EDTA	Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ESI	Electrospray ionization
EU	European Union
FDA	U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FM	Fresh mass
FTIR	Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
FW	Fresh weight
GA3	Gibberellic acid
GA–DELLA	Gibberellin–DELLA signaling pathway
GlcAT/GlcATs	Glucuronosyltransferase(s)
H9c2	Rat cardiomyoblast cell line
HIV-1	Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
HSCCC	High-speed counter-current chromatography
IAA	Indole-3-acetic acid
IC50	Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
IL-6	Interleukin-6 (cytokine)
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase (enzyme)
IP-HSCCC	Ion-pair high-speed counter-current chromatography
LC	Liquid chromatography
LC-MS/MS	Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
LED	Light-emitting diode
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LS	Linsmaier and Skoog plant tissue culture medium (1965)
LTQ-Orbitrap Elite MS	Linear trap quadrupole–Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer
MALDI-QIT-TOF MS	Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MAPK/NF-κB	Mitogen-activated protein kinase/Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (signaling pathways)
MeOH/EtOH/H2O	Methanol/Ethanol/Water
MM	minimal/mineral medium
MS	Mass spectrometry/Murashige and Skoog plant tissue culture medium (1962)—context-dependent
NAA	1-Naphthaleneacetic acid
NF-κB	Nuclear Factor kappa-B
n.g.	Not given
NMR	Nuclear magnetic resonance
OxHLIA	Oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay
pABA	p-aminobenzoic acid
PAD or PDA	Photodiode array detector
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PLE	Pressurized liquid extraction
QTOF	Quadrupole time-of-flight (mass spectrometer)
RAW264.7	Murine macrophage cell line
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RSM	Response surface methodology
RUBY	Betalain-based visible reporter system
SCC	Suspension cell culture
SPE	Solid-phase extraction
TDZ	Thidiazuron
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TOF/Q-TOF MS	Time-of-flight/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
UDP	Uridine diphosphate
UHPLC	Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
UV–Vis	Ultraviolet–visible
WAX	Weak anion exchange