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. 2026 Jun 16;27(12):5440. doi: 10.3390/ijms27125440
TPBC Triple-Positive Breast Cancer
ER Estrogen Receptor
PR Progesterone Receptor
HER2 = EGFR2 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2
BC Breast cancer
NCCN National Comprehensive Cancer Network
NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
EGFR = HER1 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
HER3 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 3
HER4 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 4
PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
AKT a serine/threonine protein kinase
mTOR [Ser/Thr kinase] mechanistic target of rapamycin
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinases
ERK Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
ErbB Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog [family]
ADCC Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
Fc-mediated immunity Constant fragment [of antibodies that mediates downstream effector functions via its interaction with Fc-receptors on (innate) immune cells]
CDK4 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4
TGF-α Transforming Growth Factor Alpha
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
Met methionine
BIRC5 baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5
TRAF4 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 4
PTEN Phosphatase and Tensin homolog
PIK3CA gene encodes for the p110 alpha (p110α) protein, catalytic subunit of PI3K
CD55 Decay-accelerating factor (CD55 = DAF)
CD59 [Protective protein]
Wnt3 Wnt refers to a family of secreted signaling proteins involved in various biological processes, particularly in cell communication and development. The name “Wnt” is a portmanteau derived from “Wingless”, a gene from the fruit fly Drosophila, and “Int-1”, a proto-oncogene from mice.
PDGFRA gene encodes for PDGFRα
PDGFRα platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
MUC1-C C-terminal subunit for MUC1 protein
IGF-1R Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor
P85β regulatory subunit of PI3K
P110 isoforms of the class-1A PI3K signaling pathway
Yes1 non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase
Src non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase
OXPHOS Oxidative Phosphorylation
NDUFA4L2 NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) 1 Alpha Subcomplex 4-Like 2
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
LMO4 LIM Domain Only 4
YB-1 Y-box Binding Protein 1
CD44 Cluster of Differentiation 44
IL6 Interleukin-6
BCL-2 B-cell Lymphoma 2
P95her2 Truncated HER2 receptor (p95HER2)
HERA program HERceptin Adjuvant trial
AXL AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
GSK3 Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3
mTOR-C1 mTOR complex 1
Wnt Wingless/Integrated
NFGR Nerve Growth Factor Receptor
MUSK Muscle-Specific Kinase
VEGFR1 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1
PDGFRA Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha
PDGFβ Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Beta
EPHA2 Ephrin Type-A Receptor 2
EPHB2 Ephrin Type-B Receptor 2
Fak = FAK1 Focal adhesion kinase 1
PBC primary breast cancer
SERMs Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
MUC1 Mucin-1
AIB1 Amplified in Breast Cancer 1 (SRC-3)
SERD Selective Estrogen Receptor Degrader
CXXC4 CXXC Finger Protein 4
PBCC primary basal cell carcinoma
MED1 Selective Estrogen Receptor Degrader
Eph Eph receptors
AKT1 AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1
CSC cancer stem cells
TGF-β Transforming Growth Factor Beta
STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
NF-kB Nuclear Factor kappa B
SMAD Transcription factors proteins for TGF-β. SMAD is a portmanteau from SMA (small body size) and MAD (Mothers Against Decapentaplegic).
AURKA Aurora kinase A
TrkB Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase B
SOX2 SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2
CD24 Cluster of Differentiation 24
MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex
HLA Human Leukocyte Antigen
CD4/6 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 4/6
AI artificial intelligence
KEEG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)
hsa:2064 Human gene identifier (ERBB2/HER2)
JAK Janus Kinase
TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitors
EMT epithelial–mesenchymal transition
PDX Patient-Derived Xenograft
TP-0903 TP-0903 (drug candidate)
RNA Ribonucleic acid
HDAC histone deacetylase
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNMT DNA methyltransferase
HMG-CoA 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A
RAS Rat Sarcoma Virus Oncogene
RHO Ras Homologous Protein
RAC Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate
GLI Glioma-associated Oncogene
Hh Hedgehog
ATPase Adenosine Triphosphatase
AMPK Adenosine Monophosphate Kinase