| ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
| AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
| cAMP | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| CART | Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript |
| ChREBP | Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein |
| CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
| CVD | Cardiovascular disease |
| DM | Diabetes mellitus |
| GGT | Gamma-glutamyl transferase |
| GLP-1RA | Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist |
| IR | Insulin resistance |
| LDL | Low-Density Lipoprotein |
| MASLD | Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease |
| MS | Metabolic syndrome |
| NAFLD | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
| NCDs | Noncommunicable diseases |
| NPY/AgRP | Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide |
| PKA | Protein kinase A |
| POMC | Proopiomelanocortin |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| SELECT | Semaglutide Effects on Cardiovascular Outcomes in People with Overweight or Obesity |
| SREBP-1c | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c |
| STEP | Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with obesity |
| STROBE | Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology |
| SUSTAIN | Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes |
| T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |