Skip to main content
. 2026 May 25;16(6):888. doi: 10.3390/life16060888
ADG Average daily gain
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
AMR Antimicrobial resistance
AMU Antimicrobial use
ARG Antimicrobial resistance genes
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
BRD Bovine respiratory disease
CIP Cleaning-in-place
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DWDS Drinking water distribution systems
EEA European Economic Area
EPDM Ethylene propylene diene monomer
EPS Extracellular polymeric substances
ESUAvet European Sales and Use of Antimicrobials for Veterinary Medicine
EU European Union
JIACRA Joint Inter-Agency Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance Analysis
LC-MS/MS Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
MALDI-TOF MS Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
MDR Multidrug-resistant
MS Mass spectrometry
PE Polyethylene
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
SCC Somatic cell count
STEC Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
VRE Vancomycin-resistant enterococci