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Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences)
. 2026 May 20;57(3):774–779. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12182/20260560508

魔芋葡甘聚糖对糖尿病前期肥胖患者血糖和胰岛素的干预作用

The Effect of Konjac Glucomannan on Blood Glucose and Insulin Levels in Obese Patients With Prediabetes

Renhua WU 1, Lirui TANG 2, Xiaoling YANG 1, Qing OU 1, Yan GU 1, Li YUAN 1,Δ, Nanwei TONG 3,Δ
PMCID: PMC13303505  PMID: 42369710

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effects of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on glycemic indicators and insulin resistance in obese individuals with prediabetes.

Methods

A total of 102 obese individuals diagnosed with prediabetes at the outpatient department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, between July 2021 and June 2022 were recruited and randomly assigned to either the experimental group (KGM group) or the control group for a three-month trial. All subjects followed personalized dietary and exercise regimens, with the KGM group additionally consuming 60 g of konjac-based dietary fiber biscuits daily to partially replace carbohydrates. This study aimed to examine the impact of KGM on fasting blood glucose, and to explore changes in 2-hour postprandial glucose, insulin-related indicators, and obesity-related parameters in the two groups of subjects.

Results

A total of 41 participants in the KGM group completed the trial, with a compliance rate of 77.36%. The control group had 38 completers, with a compliance rate of 77.55%. After three months of dietary and exercise intervention, the effective rate of fasting blood glucose control was 100% in the KGM group, significantly higher than the 82% observed in the control group. The KGM group also had higher effective rates in reducing fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, body mass, and waist circumference compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in body mass index, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial insulin, or effective control of pancreatic β-cell activity (P > 0.05). During the trial, two participants in the KGM group experienced severe abdominal discomfort, which resolved after discontinuing the biscuits; two cases reported transient diarrhea, and one case reported increased anal flatulence.

Conclusion

KGM can effectively control fasting blood sugar and promotes weight loss, lowers blood sugar, and enhances insulin sensitivity in obese individuals with prediabetes.

Keywords: Konjac glucomannan, Prediabetes, Obesity


糖尿病是一组以慢性高血糖为共同特征的代谢性疾病,由胰岛素分泌缺陷或作用受损引起,可致心、脑、肾、眼、神经等多系统损害,是严重的全球公共卫生问题[1]。《2025糖尿病地图(第11版)》显示,2024年全球确诊糖尿病患者5.89亿,患病率约11.1%;以糖耐量减低为表现的糖尿病前期患者约6.35亿,以空腹血糖受损为表现的糖尿病前期患者约4.88亿。中国成人糖尿病患者约1.48亿,患病率13.79%,高于全球平均水平[2]。

生活方式干预对糖尿病及前期人群都至关重要,可有效降低糖尿病前期进展为糖尿病的风险[3]。本研究所采用的魔芋复合膳食纤维饼是一款已获得国家专利的减肥代餐产品,其主要功能成分是魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)。该成分于2010年获欧洲食品安全局认定具有减肥功效[4]。机制包括:吸水膨胀增加饱腹感[5];调节肠道菌群结构,增加其α多样性,从而促进减重[6]。该饼干口感良好、营养均衡,适合作为部分主食替代品。肥胖作为糖尿病等多种代谢疾病相关的危险因素[6],其改善可以降低胰岛素抵抗[1]。因此,KGM的摄入有可能改善肥胖者的血糖控制。本研究旨在探讨KGM对糖尿病前期肥胖者的血糖指标和胰岛素抵抗的影响,以评估KGM对改善糖尿病前期肥胖者糖代谢的有效性。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

纳入2021年7月–2022年6月在四川大学华西医院门诊部确诊为糖尿病前期的肥胖患者,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和试验组(KGM组)。两组受试者均执行为期3个月的个性化饮食和运动干预方案,但KGM组将每天摄入60 g魔芋复合膳食纤维饼替代部分碳水化合物。我们预估对照组的空腹血糖(FBG)为6.55 mmol/L,而摄入KGM能够使FBG降低1.08 mmol/L,降低值的标准差为1.58 mmol/L。设定α=0.05(双侧),β=0.10。使用PASS 11软件计算每组样本量应为45例,考虑到10%的脱落率,则每组需纳入50例。纳入标准:年龄18~60岁;初中及以上文化程度,能够使用智能手机进行联系;符合世界卫生组织2010年制定的糖尿病前期诊断标准[7]:6.1 mmol/L≤FBG<7 mmol/L,或7.8 mmol/L≤餐后2 h血糖(2 hPBG)<11.1 mmol/L;体质量指数(BMI)≥28 kg/m2和/或腰围≥85 cm/80 cm(男性/女性)诊断为肥胖[8]。排除标准:肝肾功能不全(血清肌酐超过1.5 mg/dL)、肺功能不全、心力衰竭、急性心肌梗死、严重感染和创伤、重大手术以及低血压和缺氧、孕妇和哺乳期妇女、酗酒者、在试验前3个月内接受过抗糖尿病药物和/或减肥药治疗、由其他疾病(如库欣综合征)引起的肥胖。如果受试者在试验中出现严重副作用或突发排除标准中的相关疾病,也将被排除。

本研究已获得四川大学华西医院生物医学伦理委员会的批准,批准号为2019年审(587)号。试验开始前我们已经获得所有受试者的书面知情同意。所有方案修正和不良反应均已向四川大学华西医院生物医学伦理委员会报告。

1.2. 研究质量控制与保障

在项目实施阶段,严格按照研究标准筛选病例,并采用统一的抽样方法对研究对象进行分组。所有数据均由经过培训的护士使用统一的问卷和调查方法进行收集。两组受试者分别建立微信群,受试者每周至少上传3 d的饮食和运动情况。研究人员核实受试者的干预饮食摄入情况,并提供健康指导,以确保受试者认真完成试验要求。同时,告知家属配合监督受试者完成试验。

预试验:确保项目实施的有效性,根据预试验结果改进干预具体执行方式。

数据整理阶段:两人输入并核对,进行异常值和逻辑错误检查。

1.3. 干预方案

在试验期间,两组受试者需进行规律的有氧运动(健身步行或慢跑,速度为110~120 m/min,30~50 min/d,每周至少5 d)和抗阻运动(俯卧撑、仰卧起坐、深蹲、哑铃弯举等,10~20 min/d,每周至少5 d)。对照组采用个性化饮食方案,由糖尿病护士根据受试者的体质量、身高、活动量、血糖等指标计算其每日总热量摄入,然后在此基础上减去500 kcal(1 kcal=4.184 kJ‌),按照碳水化合物50%~65%、脂肪20%~30%、蛋白质15%~20%的比例制定饮食计划。在对照组的基础上,KGM组每天摄入60 g魔芋复合膳食纤维饼,具体为早餐前30 min服用20 g,晚餐服用40 g,魔芋膳食纤维饼的碳水化合物计入每个个体的总碳水化合物摄入量。魔芋复合膳食纤维饼由武汉养有道健康产业有限公司生产。两组受试者在干预前及干预后第二天测量体质量、身高和腰围,并在干预前后进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验和胰岛素释放试验。两组受试者分别建立了微信群,研究人员通过微信群与受试者沟通,了解受试者在试验期间的计划执行情况。

1.4. 评价指标

1.4.1. 主要结局指标

FBG:≥6.1 mmol/L为异常;试验结束时FBG值下降或<6.1mmol/L为干预有效。

1.4.2. 次要结局指标

①2 hPBG:≥7.8 mmol/L为异常;试验结束时2 hPBG值下降或<7.8 mmol/L为干预有效。

②空腹胰岛素(FINS):>15 μU/mL为异常;试验结束时FINS值下降或≤15 μU/mL为干预有效。

③餐后2 h胰岛素(2 hPINS):>60 μU/mL为异常;试验结束时2 hPINS值下降或≤60 μU/mL为干预有效。

④ 胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR):胰岛素抵抗越大,HOMA-IR值越高。试验结束时HOMA-IR下降为干预有效。

⑤ 胰岛素敏感性指数(HOMA-IS):HOMA-IR的倒数。试验结束时HOMA-IS上升为干预有效。

⑥胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-βF):HOMA-βF=20×FINS/(FBG-3.5)×100%。β细胞受损越严重,HOMA-βF越小。试验结束时HOMA-βF上升为干预有效。

⑦体质量变化值:〔(体质量入组-体质量出组)/体质量入组〕×100% ≥5%为干预有效[9]。

⑧BMI变化值。

⑨腰围变化值。

1.5. 统计学方法

本研究中获得的数据通过SPSS 26.0统计软件进行分析和处理,数据以Inline graphic或者例数(%)的形式呈现。两组之间的差异比较采用非配对t检验、Fisher精确概率检验或卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 基线分析

本试验最初纳入102例受试者,KGM组53例,对照组49例。KGM组共41例完成试验,依从率77.36%。对照组共38例完成试验,依从率77.55%(图1)。两组依从率差异无统计学意义。基线分析结果显示,两组受试者在入组时的基本特征差异均无统计学意义(表1)。

图 1.

图 1

Research flowchart

研究流程图

表 1. Baseline data of the two groups of subjects.

两组受试者基线资料

Item KGM group
(n = 41)
Control group
(n = 38)
P
 Data are presented as case (%) or Inline graphic. 2 hPBG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; 2 hPINS: 2-hour postprandial insulin; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FINS: fasting insulin; HOMA-β: beta-cell function; HOMA-IR: insulin resistance index; HOMA-IS: insulin sensitivity; KGM: konjac glucomannan.
Male 27 (63.41) 26 (68.42) 0.808
BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 15 (36.59) 19 (50.00) 0.229
FBG > 6.1 mmol/L 7 (17.07) 8 (21.05) 0.652
2 hFBG > 7.8 mmol/L 38 (92.68) 35 (92.11) 0.923
FINS > 15 μU/mL 27 (65.85) 19 (50.00) 0.153
2 hFINS > 60 μU/mL 33 (80.49) 35 (92.11) 0.136
Age/yr. 40.20 ± 12.16 40.32 ± 11.60 0.944
Height/m 1.67 ± 0.09 1.66 ± 0.09 0.644
Body mass/kg 80.48 ± 18.58 80.45 ± 13.86 0.613
Waist circumference/cm 97.76 ± 11.76 97.10 ± 9.45 0.836
HOMA-IR 5.17 ± 4.28 3.96 ± 3.02 0.105
HOMA-IS 0.30 ± 0.20 0.36 ± 0.23 0.120
HOMA-β 199.8 ± 140.6 243.6 ± 166.5 0.138

2.2. 主要结局指标

干预结束后,KGM组FBG控制有效率为100%,对照组FBG控制有效率为82%。且KGM组下降程度大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)(图2)。

图 2.

图 2

Changes in FBG levels in the two groups of participants before and after intervention

干预前后两组受试者FBG变化情况

*** P < 0.001. KGM group n = 41; control group n = 38.

2.3. 次要结局指标

干预3个月后,KGM组体质量控制有效率为83%,高于对照组体质量控制有效率(P<0.05)(图3A)。进一步比较两组体质量、腰围、BMI的减少量情况(表2),KGM组腰围减少量高于对照组(P<0.05),体质量减少量(P=0.07)和BMI减少量(P=0.08)差异无统计学意义。

图 3.

图 3

Assessment of secondary outcomes in subjects

受试者次要结局指标的控制情况

A, body mass; B, FINS; C, 2 hPBG; D, 2 hPINS; E, HOMA-IR; F, HOMA-IS; G, HOMA-β. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. KGM group n = 41; control group n = 38.

表 2. Changes in measurements of two sets of weight loss indicators.

两组减重指标变化情况

Group n Body mass/kg Waist circumference/cm BMI/(kg/m2)
In Out Difference In Out Difference In Out Difference
 BMI: body mass index; KGM: konjac glucomannan.
KGM 41 80.48 ± 2.90 72.66 ± 2.69 7.82 ± 5.07 97.76 ± 1.84 88.00 ± 1.85 9.76 ± 5.09 28.53 ± 0.80 25.73 ± 0.71 2.80 ± 1.81
Control 38 80.45 ± 3.55 74.77 ± 2.37 5.68 ± 5.37 97.10 ± 1.53 89.92 ± 1.84 7.18 ± 5.83 29.01 ± 0.63 26.94 ± 0.67 2.07 ± 1.90
P 0.07 0.04 0.08

干预后,KGM组90%的受试者FINS控制有效,高于对照组的61%(P<0.01)(图3B)。但两组受试者2 hPBG(图3C)及2 hPINS(图3D)的有效控制率均保持在80%以上,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。KGM组80%的受试者HOMA-IR、HOMA-IS改善有效,高于对照组的32%(P<0.01)(图3E、3F)。然而两组HOMA-βF差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),有效率分别为41%和34%(图3G)。

2.4. 不良反应

试验过程中对照组受试者未出现不良反应。KGM组受试者摄入相关的不良反应主要包括一过性腹泻(2例),肛门排气增多(1例),和严重胃部不适(2例)。胃部不适患者在停止摄入KGM后恢复。

3. 讨论

2型糖尿病(T2DM)以胰岛素抵抗为特征。有研究证明,T2DM患者的胰腺表现出明显的胰岛破裂和萎缩,高或低分子量的魔芋可部分修复该损伤,中等分子量的魔芋不仅可逆转该过程,还可以增加粪便中的Muribaculaceae菌群,产生短链脂肪酸,修复胰腺β细胞的功能[10]。这为我们此次试验提供了理论基础。

VUKSAN 等[11]报道,对T2DM高危者,每日仅0.7 g/412 kJ的高黏度KGM饼干即可在3周内使其血清果糖胺降低5.7%。此外,还有临床研究显示T2DM患者在12周内主动摄入魔芋及其制品可显著降低HbA1c和空腹血糖,提升胰岛素分泌能力,且年龄≥50岁者效果更明显[12]。本研究在FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR和HOMA-IS方面检测到的干预效应,证实KGM可以有效降低血糖和改善胰岛素抵抗。

KGM的血糖调节作用是多因素的。首先,KGM的化学结构含有葡甘露聚糖杂多糖和较少的乙酰基团,能形成复杂的网络凝胶,有效地阻止葡萄糖通过透析膜扩散,延缓食物的吸收,降低血糖水平[5];其次,KGM可以通过激活胰岛素信号通路,增强糖酵解,抑制糖异生,增加肝糖原储存,并改善口服糖耐量,多靶点协同发挥降血糖作用[13];第三,KGM可以通过调节肠道微生物群(如梭菌和罗蒙布菌)、抑制NF-κB通路来改善炎症,从而改善胰岛素抵抗[6, 14-15];第四,KGM能有效减少脂质过氧化,清除自由基,增强抗氧化酶活性,提升血浆抗氧化能力,缓解氧化应激[16-17]。研究表明,在采用添加KGM的饮食后,餐后血糖峰值及2 h血糖均下降,波动减小[18]。但本试验显示两组间2 hPBG、2 hPINS以及HOMA-βF差异均无统计学意义,这可能与魔芋量摄入有限、魔芋分子量不理想或样本量太小有关。另外,受疫情影响,所有受试者均在家参与试验,网络监督较难,不可避免存在偏差。此外,两组都在进行更健康的饮食和运动方案,两组血糖控制都有改善,这可能掩盖了KGM对这些指标的真实影响。

实验证明,在高脂饲料中掺入5%KGM干预6周可以显著降低大鼠体质量、血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇等[19]。另有研究表明,在试验组和对照组同时进行健康饮食的基础上,试验组每天额外摄入10 g KGM可以显著降低受试者的体质量以及腰臀比[10]。本研究结果与之一致,KGM组的受试者体质量、腰围下降更加显著。然而,干预结束后两组在BMI上的降低幅度并未观察到明显差异,可能与两组受试者都进行了运动和饮食干预,且干预时间仅3个月,导致KGM对于BMI的作用尚不显著。也有文献报道单用KGM作为膳食纤维补充剂不足以影响受试者的BMI[20]。

本组受试者在试验过程中仅有少数KGM受试者出现不良反应,且均在停止摄入KGM后恢复正常。

本研究证实KGM具有促进减肥、降血糖的功效,还能增强糖尿病前期患者的胰岛素敏感性。

*    *    *

作者贡献声明

武仁华负责论文构思、数据审编、正式分析、研究项目管理、验证和初稿写作,唐藜瑞负责论文构思、数据审编、正式分析、可视化、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,杨小玲、欧青和古艳负责调查研究,袁丽和童南伟负责论文构思、提供资源和监督指导。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Author Contribution

WU Renhua is responsible for conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, project administration, validation, and writing--original draft. TANG Lirui is responsible for conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. YANG Xiaoling, OU Qing, and GU Yan are responsible for investigation. YUAN Li and TONG Nanwei are responsible for conceptualization, resources, and supervision. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

All authors declare no competing interests.

Contributor Information

仁华 武 (Renhua WU), Email: wurenh@163.com.

丽 袁 (Li YUAN), Email: 1409933235@qq.com.

南伟 童 (Nanwei TONG), Email: tongnw@scu.edu.cn.

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