α-SMA	Alpha-smooth muscle actin
ALI	Acute lung injury
ASMase	Acid sphingomyelinase
BAL	Bronchoalveolar lavage
C1P	Ceramide 1-phosphate
CerS	Ceramide synthase
CF	Cystic fibrosis
CFTR	Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COVID-19	Coronavirus disease 2019
DEGS	Dihydroceramide desaturase
DHS1P	Dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate
ECM	Extracellular matrix
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
EV	Extracellular vesicle
HRCT	High-resolution computed tomography
IPF	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
KDSR	3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
mtROS	Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
NAC	N-acetylcysteine
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
nSMase	Neutral sphingomyelinase
PMVEC	Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
S1P	Sphingosine-1-phosphate
S1PL	S1P lyase
S1PR	S1P receptor
SphK	Sphingosine kinase
SPT	Serine palmitoyltransferase
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-beta
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha