An Event-Driven Self-Healing Routing and Topology Maintenance Mechanism for Surface-Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks in Ocean Environments

. 2026 Jun 20;26(12):3915. doi: 10.3390/s26123915

Algorithm 1. Event-Driven CH Handover

For each current CH C in the wireless sensor network
    Check whether the current upstream of C remains valid.
    If the current route of C is disconnected, invoke CH-HELP(C) to repair the route.
    Set handoverFlag = false.
    If E(C) < E_trigger and there exists a member node n ϵ M(C,t) such that E(n) ≥ E(C) + ∆E, set handoverFlag = true and mark the handover as energy-triggered.
    If S_self(C,t) < S_threshold, set handoverFlag = true and mark the handover as stability-triggered.
    If handoverFlag = true, broadcast a “Handover Evaluation Start” packet to cluster members.
          Candidate member nodes enter local backoff competition according to the backoff rule.
        Compute each candidate backoff according to the priority rule in Equation (13).
          If no candidate responds or no candidate backoff timer expires within the allowed competition window, cancel the role-transfer attempt and keep C as the current CH.
        Otherwise, if candidate m expires first and no CH_DECLARE packet has been received, m announces itself as the new CH.
        m inherits the old CH’s upstream information.
        Validate the inherited upstream within T_inherit
        If the inherited upstream is invalid, set S_up(m) = 0 and invoke CH-HELP(m).
        End if
    End if
End for
End Algorithm