Skip to main content
. 2026 Jun 21;15(12):1917. doi: 10.3390/plants15121917
P. viticola Plasmopara viticola
POD Peroxidase
SOD Superoxide dismutase
SA Salicylic acid
JA Jasmonic acid
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
PR Pathogenesis-related
PAMPs Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
ROS Reactive oxygen species
MDA Malondialdehyde
PSII Photosystem II
Fv/Fm Photochemical efficiency
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
NPQ Non-photochemical quenching
Pn Net photosynthetic rate
Tr Transpiration rate
Ci Intercellular CO2 concentration
CAT Catalase
APX Ascorbate peroxidase
PRX Peroxidases
AsA Ascorbate
MDHAR Monodehydroascorbate reductase
DHAR Dehydroascorbate reductase
GR Glutathione reductase
PAL Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
PPO Polyphenol oxidase
CHT Chitinase
GLU β-1,3-glucanase
DAMPs Damage-associated molecular patterns
STS Stilbene synthase
PKS Polyketide synthase
PTI PAMP-triggered immunity
RBOH Respiratory burst oxidase homolog
CDPKs Calcium-dependent protein kinases
ET Ethylene
SAR Systemic acquired resistance