. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jun 27.

Published in final edited form as: Respir Med. 2025 Nov 12;250:108501. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108501

Table 2.

Total effects for each exposure-outcome combination.

Exposure - Outcome	Unadjusted Model	Adjusted Model
	IRR (95 % CI)	IRR (95 % CI)^a
Low income - Cost	0.93 [0.89, 0.97]	0.97 [0.94, 1.00]
Low income - LOS	1.03 [1.01, 1.06]	1.03 [1.00, 1.05]

IRR – Incidence Rate Ratio; CI – Confidence Interval; LOS – Length of Stay.

Adjustments were made for age category, female, hospital region, hospital location/teaching status, patient location, year, hospital control, season, weekend, race/ethnicity.