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. 2026 May 5;14:172. doi: 10.1186/s40168-026-02416-7

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig.5 — Functional changes in rhizosphere bacterial communities in response to Fpmd MR5 inoculation. a Gene abundances based on the eggNOG database: Relative abundance (%) of annotated genes; Fold changes (pathogen-inoculated vs. non-inoculated); Heatmap of pathway abundances across treatments. b Gene abundances derived from the KEGG database: relative abundance (%) of annotated genes; fold changes (pathogen-inoculated vs. non-inoculated); Heatmap of pathway abundances (Z-score scale − 1.0 [blue] to 1.0 [red]). HMO, OE microbiome (−MR5); HMR, RNAi microbiome (−MR5); FMO, OE microbiome (+MR5); FMR, RNAi microbiome (+MR5). ‘−MR5’: non-inoculated control; ‘+MR5’: Fpmd MR5-inoculated. Asterisks (*) indicate significant enrichment in FMR relative to FMO (two-sided Student’s t-test, *, P ≤ 0.05). The hash symbol indicates a significant change in the +MR5 rhizosphere compared to its corresponding −MR5 rhizosphere (two-sided Student’s t-test, #, P ≤ 0.05)