Fig. 6.

Impacts of MdUGT88F1 on root exudation profile at 90 days post-transplantation. a Volcano plot displaying differentially abundant root exudate metabolites in RNAi vs. OE plants (|log2FoldChange|> 0.263 and q < 0.05). Orange = overrepresented, blue = underrepresented, gray = unchanged metabolites in RNAi. b Differential accumulation of root exudate metabolite classes between OE and RNAi plants (two-sided Student’s t-test). Metabolite peak areas were normalized to the internal standard and expressed as relative abundance per gram root dry mass. c PCA of root exudate metabolites between OE and RNAi plants under ARD conditions (P-value from PERMANOVA). d Heatmap of exudate metabolites significantly reduced in OE vs. RNAi plants. Metabolites selected for validation are bolded. e Bubble plot of pathways upregulated in RNAi rhizospheres. In b, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001