Table 1.

Basic characteristics of the included studies.

Included studies	Sample size (intervention/control group)	Age (M ± SD, intervention group)	Age (M ± SD, control group)	Baduanjin intervention group		Control group	Intervention duration (wk)	Outcome
				Frequency (d/wk)	Duration (min/d)
Sa et al[20]	15/14	19.80 ± 0.40	20.79 ± 0.41	5	60	Daily life (no regular exercise)	12	(c)
Sa et al[21]	22/21	20.32 ± 0.33	20.29 ± 0.35	5	60	Daily life (no regular exercise)	12	(a) (c)
Tian et al[22]	15/17	31.27 ± 9.22	30.12 ± 9.23	Only 1 time	15	Rest, 15 min	NA	(b)
Xiao et al[23]	30/29	19.75 ± 1.76	19.63 ± 2.04	4	60	Daily life (no regular exercise)	12	(c)
Xie et al[24]*	40/40/40†	28.44 ± 1.32	Positive control: 30.29 ± 1.84	3	30	Positive control: radio gymnastics, 3 times/wk, 30 min/time	12	(a) (c)
			Blank control: 24.31 ± 0.28			Blank control: daily life (no regular exercise)
Tian et al[8]*	40/40/40†	28.44 ± 1.32	Positive control: 30.29 ± 1.84	7	15	Positive control: radio gymnastics, 7 times/wk, 15 min/time	12	(b)
			Blank control: 24.31 ± 0.28			Blank control: daily life (no regular exercise)
Han et al[25]	20/10	32.20 ± 7.30	31.60 ± 8.10	4	30	Daily life (no regular exercise)	12	(a) (b)
Tian et al[26]	20/20	32.15 ± 8.90	28.65 ± 9.02	4	30	Daily life (no regular exercise)	12	(a)

(a) mean temperature of acupuncture points in the trunk area; (b) mean skin temperature over the visceral projection areas; (c) mean skin temperature of the trunk and limbs.

d/wk = day/week, M = mean, min/d = min/day, NA = not applicable, SD = standard deviation.

^*Three-arm study, including the Baduanjin intervention group, positive control group (radio gymnastics), and blank control group (daily life).

^†Values are presented as sample sizes for the intervention group, positive control group, and blank control group, respectively.