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. 2026 Jun 16;6:1808077. doi: 10.3389/frhs.2026.1808077

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© 2026 Sethy, Mahapatro, Mundu and Sahoo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Grouped panel of four line charts with shaded confidence intervals shows effects of government health expenditure per capita on health outcomes. Top left: UHC coverage increases then declines after about eight hundred dollars. Top right: Under-five mortality decreases steeply then plateaus and rises slightly. Bottom left: Life expectancy rises then gradually decreases after about one thousand dollars. Bottom right: Catastrophic health expenditure declines sharply then slightly increases beyond one thousand dollars. — Marginal effects of government health expenditure on health outcomes. Source: GMM estimates with 95% confidence intervals. Marginal effects calculated at mean values of other variables.