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. 2026 Jun 16;6:1808077. doi: 10.3389/frhs.2026.1808077

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© 2026 Sethy, Mahapatro, Mundu and Sahoo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph comparing the coefficients of five health system factors across five UHC quantiles. Government expenditure and physician density show declining trends, governance shows a steady increase, primary care fluctuates then declines, and digital health remains stable. — Quantile regression results—heterogeneous effects across UHC distribution. Source: Quantile regression estimates at τ = 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals.