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. 2026 Jun 16;6:1808077. doi: 10.3389/frhs.2026.1808077

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© 2026 Sethy, Mahapatro, Mundu and Sahoo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Box plot compares optimal allocation percentages for seven health system components. Primary Care has the highest median allocation, followed by Workforce, Infrastructure, Medicines, Digital Health, Pandemic Prep, and Administration with varied interquartile ranges and outliers. — Stochastic optimization results under uncertainty. Source: Sample average approximation with 1,000 scenarios. Box plots show distribution of optimal allocations across scenarios with different parameter values.