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. 2026 Jun 16;6:1808077. doi: 10.3389/frhs.2026.1808077

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© 2026 Sethy, Mahapatro, Mundu and Sahoo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bubble chart showing the relationship between pandemic resilience scores and routine performance (UHC SCI), with each bubble representing a country. Bubble size indicates spending (larger means higher), and color ranges from blue (lower UHC SCI) to red (higher UHC SCI). A dashed line represents the efficiency frontier, showing a positive correlation between routine performance and pandemic resilience. — Trade-off between routine performance and pandemic resilience. Source: Efficiency frontier analysis. Each point represents a country. Size indicates total health expenditure per capita.