Table 2.
Summary statistics of variables (2000–2023, N = 135 LMICs).
| Variable | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Variables | ||||
| UHC Service Coverage Index | 58.3 | 18.2 | 22.1 | 89.4 |
| Catastrophic Health Expenditure (% households) | 11.5 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 45.2 |
| Under-5 Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) | 48.7 | 37.9 | 2.1 | 149.3 |
| Life Expectancy at Birth (years) | 68.2 | 8.4 | 45.3 | 79.8 |
| Healthy Life Expectancy (years) | 59.1 | 7.9 | 40.2 | 72.1 |
| Health Financing | ||||
| Government Health Expenditure per capita (2017 USD) | 186.5 | 245.3 | 8.2 | 1,245.7 |
| Government Health Expenditure (% of GDP) | 3.2 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 8.9 |
| Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure (% of THE) | 34.2 | 18.7 | 5.1 | 78.4 |
| Social Health Insurance Coverage (% population) | 28.7 | 24.9 | 0.0 | 95.3 |
| Health Workforce | ||||
| Physician Density (per 10,000) | 12.4 | 14.2 | 0.2 | 58.7 |
| Nurse/Midwife Density (per 10,000) | 24.8 | 28.5 | 1.1 | 112.4 |
| Community Health Worker Density (per 10,000) | 5.3 | 7.8 | 0.0 | 42.1 |
| Governance | ||||
| Government Effectiveness Index | −0.38 | 0.65 | −1.88 | 1.45 |
| Control of Corruption Index | −0.42 | 0.61 | −1.76 | 1.52 |
| Digital Health | ||||
| Digital Health Adoption Index (0–100) | 42.7 | 21.5 | 8.2 | 89.4 |
| Internet Users (% population) | 38.9 | 24.7 | 0.3 | 95.2 |
| Service Delivery | ||||
| Hospital Beds (per 10,000) | 19.8 | 18.4 | 0.8 | 84.2 |
| PHC Facility Density (per 100,000) | 8.7 | 7.2 | 0.5 | 42.8 |
| Essential Medicines Availability (%) | 68.4 | 22.5 | 18.7 | 97.3 |
| Control Variables | ||||
| GDP per capita (log, 2017 USD) | 7.82 | 1.14 | 5.91 | 10.47 |
| Gini Coefficient | 42.3 | 8.7 | 25.1 | 63.4 |
| Female Education (mean years) | 6.8 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 13.4 |
| Urbanization Rate (%) | 51.7 | 20.4 | 12.8 | 91.2 |
Source: WHO Statistical data. All monetary values in constant 2017 USD. THE, total health expenditure; SD, standard deviation. N = 3,240 country-year observations (135 countries × 24 years).