Table 6.

Concentration indices for health service access by wealth quintile.

Service/Indicator	Concentration Index	Standard Error	P-value	Contribution to Total Inequality (%)	Trend (2000–2023)
UHC Service Coverage	0.152	0.028	<0.001	100.0	Decreasing (−0.004/year)
RMNCH services	0.168	0.032	<0.001	34.2	Decreasing (−0.005/year)
Infectious disease services	0.142	0.029	<0.001	28.7	Decreasing (−0.003/year)
NCD services	0.185	0.035	<0.001	22.4	Stable (+0.001/year)
Service capacity	0.121	0.026	<0.001	14.7	Decreasing (−0.002/year)
Immunization Coverage
DTP3 coverage	0.104	0.022	<0.001	-	Decreasing (−0.003/year)
MCV2 coverage	0.127	0.025	<0.001	-	Decreasing (−0.004/year)
Zero-dose children	−0.156	0.031	<0.001	-	Decreasing (+0.004/year)
Maternal Health Services
Skilled birth attendance	0.192	0.038	<0.001	-	Decreasing (−0.006/year)
Antenatal care (4 + visits)	0.175	0.034	<0.001	-	Decreasing (−0.005/year)
Financial Protection
Catastrophic health expenditure	−0.214	0.042	<0.001	-	Stable (+0.001/year)
Impoverishing health expenditure	−0.238	0.047	<0.001	-	Decreasing (+0.002/year)

Source: Author’s calculations based on DHS/MICS data. Concentration index ranges from −1 to 1. Positive values indicate pro-rich inequality (richer groups have higher coverage), negative values indicate pro-poor inequality (poorer groups have worse outcomes). Standard errors clustered at country level. Trend calculated as annual change in concentration index. RMNCH, reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health; NCD, non communicable diseases.