Table 2.
Effects of industrial robot adoption on workers’ health.
| Variable | Subjective health change | Objective Health | Mental Health | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Manufacturing sector | ||||||
| Robot | −0.0059*** (−2.871) | −0.0062*** (−2.952) | −0.0015*** (−2.712) | −0.0016*** (−2.685) | −0.0013*** (−2.623) | −0.0019*** (−2.773) |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 9,080 | 9,080 | 9,080 | 9,080 | 9,080 | 9,080 |
| R 2 | 0.472 | 0.489 | 0.468 | 0.481 | 0.471 | 0.486 |
| Non-manufacturing Sector | ||||||
| Robot | −0.0052*** (−2.742) | −0.0054*** (−2.813) | 0.0016*** (2.742) | 0.0018** (2.325) | 0.0015**(2.38 6) | 0.0017** (2.494) |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 15,976 | 15,976 | 15,976 | 15,976 | 15,976 | 15,976 |
| R 2 | 0.551 | 0.536 | 0.509 | 0.528 | 0.531 | 0.522 |
*, **, and *** denote statistical significance at the 10, 5, and 1% levels, respectively.
t-statistics are reported in parentheses. Standard errors are clustered at the city level. Individual-level controls include gender, educational attainment, marital status, and hukou status. City-level controls include GDP per capita, population density, and measures of industrial structure. Columns (1), (3), and (5) include city, province-by-year, occupation, and industry fixed effects. Columns (2), (4), and (6) additionally include survey-year-by-occupation and survey-year-by-industry fixed effects. Unless otherwise stated, the remainder of the paper follows the specification in Columns (1), (3), and (5).