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. 2026 Apr 2;13(12):nwag207. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwag207

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© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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A set of three graphs, labeled a to c, illustrating the optimization of catalytic performance. Subfigure a displays solid conversion and product yield across different metals and supports. Subfigures b and c show liquid product distribution as a function of reaction time and oxygen concentration, respectively. — Optimization of catalytic performance. (a) Effect of metals and supports on solid conversion and product yield. Reaction conditions: T = 280°C, t = 6 h, m_catalyst = 250 mg, m_PE = 1 g (Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5: 170). Conv., conversion; Sel., selectivity. (b) Effect of reaction time on liquid product distribution over Ru/C + ZSM-5 at 280°C in air, m_catalyst = 250 mg, m_PE = 1 g (Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5: 170). (c) Effect of O₂ concentration on liquid product distribution over Ru/C + ZSM-5 at 280°C for 12 h, m_catalyst = 250 mg, m_PE = 1 g (Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5: 170).