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. 2026 Jun 17;5:1840060. doi: 10.3389/frtra.2026.1840060

Figure 3.

Scientific figure with three panels. Panel A shows a line graph with heart rate (beats per minute) over days post-transplant for six mice, indicating individual decline patterns. Panel B is a timeline diagram for an experimental protocol involving heart transplant, abatacept injection, echo monitoring, and spleen harvest at either a fixed time point or echo-guided endpoint. Panel C contains box plots comparing percentages of specific cytokine-positive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in spleen under two conditions (US guided and Fixed time point); significant differences are marked for IL-2+ cells, with statistical annotations “ns” and “**.”.

Echocardiography,guided assessment of alloimmune response reduces biologic variability. (A) Longitudinal post-transplant allograft heart rates assessed by echocardiography. (B) Experimental schematic. (C) Quantification and variance of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 positive CD8 + and CD4+ T cells at a pre-specified post-transplant time point (Fixed time point) or at the time of a discrete change in allograft heart rate of 200 beats-per-minute as determined by echocardiography (Echo guided). n = 4/grp. CV = coefficient of variation, SD = standard deviation, by Welch's t test.