Table 2.
HRV parameters across experimental phases.
| Phase comparison |
Phase 1 Mean (SD) |
Phase 2 Mean (SD) |
Mean difference | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (bpm) | |||||
|
Baseline vs. VR exposure |
79.09 (13.18) | 81.66 (12.20) | 2.58 | – 3.18 | 0.004** |
|
VR exposure vs. Recovery |
81.66 (12.20) | 76.33 (11.37) | – 5.34 | 4.84 | < 0.001*** |
|
Baseline vs. Recovery |
79.09 (13.18) | 76.33 (11.37) | – 2.76 | 3.04 | 0.005** |
| SDNN (ms) | |||||
|
Baseline vs. VR exposure |
51.37 (34.63) | 92.49 (71.04) | 41.12 | – 3.04 | 0.005** |
|
VR exposure vs. Recovery |
92.49 (71.04) | 66.77 (51.83) | – 25.72 | 2.07 | 0.047* |
|
Baseline vs. Recovery |
51.37 (34.63) | 66.77 (51.83) | 15.40 | – 1.41 | 0.171 |
| RMSSD (ms) | |||||
|
Baseline vs. VR exposure |
55.92 (49.65) | 99.42 (101.42) | 43.50 | – 2.28 | 0.030* |
|
VR exposure vs. Recovery |
99.42 (101.42) | 68.16 (68.90) | – 31.26 | 1.74 | 0.092 |
|
Baseline vs. Recovery |
55.92 (49.65) | 68.16 (68.90) | 12.25 | – 0.83 | 0.414 |
Paired t-test comparisons of HRV parameters between experimental phases. HR = heart rate; SDNN = standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; RMSSD = root mean square of successive differences; SD = standard deviation. *
, **
, ***
.