Table 2.

Materials and AI models for AI-integrated soft and wearable electronics

Category	Materials	DL model/AI computation	Application	References
Signal enhancement and compensation	Screen printed silver (Ag) electrode	2D CNN denoising auto-encoders	Textile ECG noise/motion artifact removal	[19]
	Hydrogel electrode + AgNW	CNN feature extractor + FC	Rehab motion activity recognition	[24]
	PVC/nylon + Cu	Dilated RNN + prototype learning	Lip language decoding	[135]
	Ecoflex + Ag electrode array	CNN autoencoder + AdaBoost	Cuffless blood pressure estimation	[143]
Neural architectures for multimodal wearable data	Screen printed silver (Ag) + dielectric ink + conductive hydrogel	Hyperdimensional computing (HDC)	Hand gesture recognition	[144]
	Polyurethane + Electrospun PAN + Gold (Au)	Bi-LSTM RNN + FC	Hand motion + object recognition	[148]
	Ecoflex + Carbon black (CB) + EGaIn	Transformer	Morphology reconstruction	[145]
	PI (Polyimide) + Ti + Cu	Temporal CNN/GLU + GNN	Gesture recognition	[140]
	microstructured elastomer; flexible substrate	Spike coding + MLP/kNN	Texture classification	[155]
Bio-Inspired synaptic devices and material intelligence	PEDOT:PSS OECT + Au	On-site analog amplification	Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensing	[168]
	Ag₂S + Ag atomic bridge	In-device Filament/ionic dynamics	Hardware synapse STP/LTP emulation	[169]
Architectures for in-sensor and near-sensor computing	PEDOT:PSS + SEBS + Au + ion-gel + AgNW	Reservoir computing + FC	Biosignal edge computing + EMG	[166]
	BT NP / P(VDF-TrFE) + pentacene + PI	Synaptic transistor	Tactile sensing/memory/filter	[181]
Personalized healthcare and closed-loop therapeutics	PI/PDMS/PET + Ag/C	XGBoost (cls/reg) + SHAP	Stressor type/anxiety score	[201]
	PDMS + Ag/AgCl	Autoencoder + LQR + DRL (actor-critic)	Wound stage + adaptive EF/drug	[195]

FC Fully Connected layer, SHAP SHapley Additive exPlanations, LQR Linear Quadratic Regulator, DRL Deep Reinforcement Learning, CNN Convolutional Neural Network, RNN Recurrent Neural Network, LSTM Long Short-Term Memory, GNN Graph Neural Network