Table 3.
Application-level evaluation metrics and current maturity indicators for representative AI-integrated soft electronic systems
| Application | AI metric | Comfort/interface | Stability/duration | Current stage/limitation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anomaly detection (dry ear-EEG) | 93.2–93.3% drowsiness accuracy | User-generic dry in-ear electrodes; compact wireless form factor | 35 h dataset across 9 subjects | Population-trained neural monitoring is feasible, but validation remains task-specific | [193] |
| Biomarker profiling (reusable hydrogel EEG) | 91.38% attention classification | 310 ohms impedance; reusable adhesion 104 kPa (30 cycles) | 20,000 cycle stability, 14-day signal fidelity 25.2 dB | Strong interface maturity, but cohort and task remain limited | [90] |
| Biochemical sensing (multiplex microneedle eMPatch) | 0.996 classification, R2 = 0.977 | 30 min skin recovery; no visible irritation; no erythema/inflammation after 7 d | > 88% retention over 120 min, RSD < 2.64%, stable under bending/twisting | Mechanically robust, but evidence is still largely preclinical | [194] |
| Closed-loop therapy (a-Heal wound platform) | ML-guided stage diagnosis + adaptive EF/drug control | Portable, wireless, bandage-integrated wearable | Imaging + therapy updated every 2 h over day 0–7 | Proof-of-concept closed loop; longer protocols limited by device failure/external power | [195] |
| Immersive HMI (motion tracking + haptics) | ~ 97% classification, AUPRC 0.994, ~ 40 ms inference | No irritation after 24 h; no redness/itching/discomfort | 24.5–27 °C epidermal temperature, ~ 160 h transmission | Strong wearability benchmark, but orientation/placement changes still matter | [33] |
| Interactive HMI (organogel pressure HMI) | 98% alphabet recognition | Self-adhesive, biocompatible organogel | Stable for 1 month, 40–95% RH, − 20 to 45 °C | Promising robust HMI, but task complexity remains limited | [196] |
| Embodied soft robot (AI-embodied FEbot) | Onboard self-learning/hyperdimensional computing | Multimodal proprioception + exteroception | 87.6 mm/s vertical climbing, 5.1 × payload, survives 500 kg compression | Embodied intelligence is advancing, but standardized long-duration autonomy metrics are still lacking | [197] |
For wearable healthcare/HMI rows, comfort/interface emphasizes conformability, irritation, thermal burden, low impedance, or minimally invasive coupling. For soft robots, the analogous maturity indicators are mechanical robustness, perturbation tolerance, payload, and sustained closed-loop operation
AUPRC Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve, RSD Relative Standard Deviation, RH Relative Humidity, EF Electric Field