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. 2026 Mar 20;26:245. doi: 10.1186/s12935-026-04269-4

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Dynamic changes in DNP pharmacokinetics, tissue accumulation, and immunotoxicity. (A) Molecular structure of DNP. (B) Drug concentration‒time curve of the peripheral blood of tree shrews. (C) Drug concentration‒time curves for different organs. After 12 h, DNP was detected in all the tissues. After 24 h, DNP could not be detected in any tissues except for the nasopharyngeal tissue and liver. At this time, the DNP content in the nasopharyngeal tissue remained high. By 48 h, only low levels of DNP could be detected in the liver, and by 72 h, DNP was completely cleared. (D) Changes in the proportion of WBCs in the intervention group. After the injection of DNP, the neutrophil ratio significantly increased at 2 h and began to decrease at 6 h, whereas the lymphocyte ratio significantly decreased, gradually returning to normal by 72 h. (E) Many toxic granules appear in the cytoplasm of some GRANs and can be easily confused with eosinophilic granules in eosinophils. Error bars represent mean ± SD; n = 6 for each group in (B, C, D)