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. 2026 Mar 20;26:245. doi: 10.1186/s12935-026-04269-4

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Integrative genomic analysis of DNP in hHNSCC: pathway enrichment, PPI networks, and prognostic CYP19A1/CYP2D6 modulation with intervention validation. (A) There are 18 genes that overlap between DNP target genes and significantly differentially expressed genes in hHNSCC; (B) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the 18 genes; (C) PPI network diagram based on the degree algorithm; (D) Forest plot of the 18 genes, showing that only CYP19A1 is a significant risk factor for the occurrence of hHNSCC, whereas CYP2D6 is a significant protective factor; (E) and (F) Survival analysis of CYP19A1 and CYP2D6 in hHNSCC; (G) PCR validation was performed in the nasopharyngeal tissues of the DNP and control groups. CYP19A1 was significantly increased after DNP intervention, whereas CYP2D6 was significantly decreased. (H) The expression levels of CYP19A1 and CYP2D6 were validated in several major tissues in the control group. Error bars represent mean ± SD; n = 5 (Control), n = 8 (DNP)