Skip to main content
. 2026 Jun 24;17(33):15646–15671. doi: 10.1039/d6sc01815g

Table 2. Dual-Route Accessible Zeolites: zeolites synthesized through both OSDA-assisted and OSDA-free routes.

IZA codea Zeolite name Initial synthesis path Breakthrough path OSDA-free synthesis conditions and product properties Ref. OSDA-directed synthesis and product properties Ref.
BEA Beta Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 40SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10Na2O : 570H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 17–19 h, seed: calcined beta; product: crystals (about 100−160 nm); open micropores 80 50SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 18-tetraethylammonium hydroxide : 2.65 Na2O : 590H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 72 h; product: Si/Al = 24; crystals (about 28 nm); acidic: H+-473 K: 0.161 mmol g; H+-673 K: 0.084 mmol g−1 81
BIK Bikitaite Inorganic first Organic modification 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 0.88Cs2O : 0.22Na2O : 300H2O, T = 165 °C, t = 96 h, tumbling autoclave at 30 rpm; product: Si/Al = 6.4–12.6; crystals (about 1 µm); BET: 45 m2 g−1 82 60SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 9Cs2O : 15-butane-1,4-diamine : 3000H2O, T = 180 °C, t = 72 h, tumbling autoclave at 60 rpm; product: Si/Al = 15; crystals (about 4 µm); BET: very small micropore volume 83
EU-7
BOG Boggsite Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 76.9SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 20Na2O : 1538.5H2O, T = 125 °C, t = 336 h, seed: Si/b-ITQ-47; product: Si/Al = 7.8–10.9; crystals (about 0.5–14 µm); BET: 582 m2 g; acidic: 251.3 µmol g−1 84 5SiO2 : 1GeO2 : 0.222H3BO3 : 2.4-tert-butyliminotris(dimethylamino)phosphorane : 60H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 600 h; product: crystals (about 10 µm) 85
ITQ-47
Si/Al-BOG
BPH Linde Q Inorganic first Organic modification 4SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 16K2O : 192H2O, T = 50 °C, t = 162 h; product: Si/Al = 1–1.3; crystals (about 200–500 nm); basicity: 0.105–0.350 mmol CO2 per g 86 5SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 8 -tetraethylammonium hydroxide : 2 tetramethylammonium chloride : 1LiCl : 200 H2O, T = 125 °C, t = 72 h; product: Si/Al = 1.5–2.5 87
UZM-4
CHA Chabazite Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 24SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5.4Na2O : 1.8K2O : 560H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 72 h, seed: SAPO-18; product: Si/Al = 3.7; crystals (about 200–400 nm); BET: 563 m2 g−1 88 1.0SiO2 : 0.026 Al2O3 : 0.1 Na2O : 44H2O : 0.1 N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium : (0.02% polydiallyldimethylammonium), T = 180 °C, t = 10 h; product: BET: 647–728 m2 g; acidic: 764–780 µmol g−1 89
SSZ-13
EMT EMC-2 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 5.15SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 18.45Na2O : 240.3H2O, T = 30 °C, t = 36 h; product: Si/Al = 1.14; crystals (about 6–15 nm); BET: 578 m2 g−1 90 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 0.33 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacycleoctadecane : 2.1Na2O : 0.016–0.1 Na3PO4 : 140H2O, T = 100 °C, t = 6–20 days; product: Si/Al = 3–3.7; crystals (about 3–5 µm) 91
EON ECR-1 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 2.5Na2O : 200H2O, T = 100 °C, t = 14 days; product: Si/Al = 3.5 92 62SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 0.03-tetramethylammonium : 18.6 Na2O : 1214H2O, T = 130 °C, t = 108 h; product: Si/Al = 4.2; crystals (about 0.5–1 µm) 93
ERI Erionite UZM-12 Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 38.46SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 9.43Na2O : 2.89 K2O : 538.46H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 5 days; product: Si/Al = 3; crystals (about 2–12 µm); BET: 458 m2 g−1 94 20SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 7.6 K2O : 2-hexamethonium bromide : 8-tetrapropylammonium hydroxide : 322.6H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 5 days; product: Si/Al = 5.91; BET: 439 m2 g−1 95
Linde T
EUO EU-1 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 100SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 28.17Na2O : 3500H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 18 h, seed: EUO; product: Si/Al = 12; BET: 194 m2 g; acidic: 0.75 mmol g−1 96 55SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 3.3-hexamethonium bromide : 6.6 Na2O : 1650H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 60 h; product: Si/Al = 27–259; BET: 347–353 m2 g; yield: 98 wt% 97
FAU Faujasite Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 12SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 3.5Na2O : 160H2O, T = 100 °C, t = 13 days; product: Si/Al = 3.5 98 83.33SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 46.78 -tetrabutylammonium hydroxide : 1.17 -tetramethylammonium hydroxide : 1.375 Na2O : 1716.67 H2O, T = 120 °C, t = 5 days; product: Si/Al = 10.64; crystals (about 100–300 nm) 99
Zeolite Y
FER Ferrierite Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 31.8SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 6.49 Na2O : 1113H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 168 h, seed: RUB-37; product: Si/Al = 14.5; crystals (about 2–4 µm); BET: 370 m2 g; acidic: 0.91 mmol g−1 100 25SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10 4-(aminomethyl)pyridine : 2.5 Na2O : 450H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 36 h, tumbling autoclave at 20 rpm; product: crystals (about 0.7–2 µm); acidic: 0.79 mmol g−1 101
ZSM-35
GME Gmelinite Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 5.2SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1.18Na2O, T = 120 °C, t = 20 h; product: crystals (about 1–4 µm); BET: 114 m2 g; yield: 90 wt% 102 30SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5.4 N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylpiperidinium hydroxide : 7.95 Na2O : 612H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 110 h; product: Si/Al = 4 103
CIT-9
HEU Heulandite Inorganic first Organic modification 30SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 9.6Na2O : 1400H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 96 h, seed: natural stellerite; product: Si/Al = 3.7; BET: 376 m2 g; yield: 44 wt% 104 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1.6 4-carbon diquat : 1.25 Na2O : 300H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 43 days; product: Si/Al = 6.4–9.8 105
Clinoptilolite
KFI ZK-5 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 16SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 0.6Na2O : 11.8K2O : 320H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 15 days, seed: KFI; product: Si/Al = 5–5.8; crystals (about 1.5–2 µm); BET: 406 m2 g−1 106 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacycleoctadecane : 2.3 K2O : 0.1SrO : 160H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 5 days; product: Si/Al = 3.45; BET: 90.7 m2 g−1 107
LEV Levyne Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 40SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 14Na2O : 1400H2O: 40–80 alcohol, T = 120 °C, t = 72 h, seed: RUB-50; product: Si/Al = 4.06; crystals (about 1 µm); BET: 387 m2 g−1 108 36SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 7.2 N,N-dimethylpiperidinium hydroxide : 5.4 Na2O : 180H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 24 h; product: Si/Al = 11; BET: 664 m2 g; yield: 57 wt% 109
ZK-20
LTA Linde type A Inorganic first Organic modification 4.62SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1.28Na2O : 44.36H2O, T = 100 °C, t = 1 day; product: Si/Al = 2.1; crystals (about 0.1–3 µm) 110 20SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10 1,2-dimethyl-3-(4-methylbenzyl)imidazolium hydroxide : 2 tetramethylammonium hydroxide : 9.8 HF : 100H2O, T = 175 °C, t = 7 days; product: Si/Al = 11–23 111
ZK-21
UZM-9
LTL Linde type L Inorganic first Organic modification 20SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10K2O : 400H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 18 h; product: Si/Al = 2.59; crystals (about 15 nm); BET: 591 m2 g−1 112 20SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10.2 K2O : 4 1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaoxacyclohenicosane : 1030H2O, T = 180 °C, t = 3 days; product: Si/Al = 3.5; crystals (about 1–4 µm) 113
MAZ Mazzite Inorganic first Organic modification and OSDA-free breakthrough 50SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 13.125Na2O : 4.375K2O : 1000H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 24 h, seed: calcined omega; product: Si/Al = 3.2; crystals (about 1 µm); BET: 380 m2 g; yield: 33 wt%; acidic: 0.85 mmol g−1 114 15.2SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1.4 tetramethylammonium chloride : 7.1 Na2O : 460H2O, T = 100 °C, t = 21 days; product: Si/Al = 4.3 115
Omega
MEL ZSM-11 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 100SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 30Na2O : 2000H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 15 h, seed: calcined ZSM-11; product: Si/Al = 8.8; crystals (about 50–150 nm); BET: 326 m2 g; yield: 18 wt% 116 80SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 6 tetrabutylammonium hydroxide : 3.2 Na2O : 2000H2O, T = 90 °C, t = 24 h and T = 170 °C, t = 48 h, seed: Silicalite 2; product: Si/Al = 10–30; crystals (about 500 nm); BET: 439 m2 g; acidic: 0.83 mmol g−1 117
MER Merlinoite Inorganic first Organic modification 6.9SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5.8K2O : 200H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 8 h; product: Si/Al = 2; crystals (about 6–8 µm); yield: 64.8 wt% 9 30SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 3 N,N-1,1,2,6-tetramethylpiperidinium hydroxide : 2.25 Na2O : 1.5 K2O : 316.8H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 72 h; product: Si/Al = 6.01; crystals (about 1–3 µm); BET: 200 m2 g−1 118
Zeolite W
MFI Mutinaite ZSM-5 Inorganic first Organic modification 40SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5.2Na2O : 1500H2O, T = 180 °C, t = 120 h; product: Si/Al = 14; BET: 223 m2 g−1 119 78.12SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 28.78 tetrapropylammonium hydroxide : 2643.3H2O : 63.44 urea, T = 180 °C, t = 48 h; product: Si/Al = 26.2; crystals (about 90–100 nm) 120
MOR Mordenite Inorganic first Organic modification 20SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1.6Na2O : 300H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 30 h, seed: commercial MOR; product: Si/Al = 9.4; crystals (about 50–200 nm); BET: 428 m2 g; yield: 94 wt% 121 40SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 8-tetraethylammonium hydroxide : 5 Na2O : 640H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 36 h; product: Si/Al = 15.3; crystals (about 0.5–1.5 µm); BET: 413 m2 g−1 122
MSE MCM-68 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 100SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 28Na2O : 2K2O : 2000H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 48 h, seed: calcined MCM-68; product: Si/Al = 6–7 123 20SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 2 1,1′-(cyclohexane-trans-1,4-diyl)bis(1-methylpiperidi : n-1-ium) diiodide : 3.75 K2O : 600H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 42 h; product: Si/Al = 10.7 124
MTT ZSM-23 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 120.5SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 32.5Na2O : 4216.9H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 5 h, seed: calcined ZSM-23, tumbling autoclave at 30 rpm; product: Si/Al = 20; crystals (about 1–2 µm); BET: 117 m2 g; acidic: 0.76 mmol g−1 125 33.33SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5 heptamethonium bromide : 5.33 Na2O : 1333.3H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 335 h; product: Si/Al = 14–39.3; crystals (about 1 µm); BET: 150–281 m2 g−1 126
MTW ZSM-12 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 80SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 14Na2O : 920H2O, T = 165 °C, t = 36 h,seed: calcined ZSM-12; product: Si/Al = 16.2; crystals (about 0.2–1.5 µm); yield: 47 wt% 127 60SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 9 1,5-bis(methylpyrrolidine) pentane bromide : 10 Na2O : 2000H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 24 h; crystals (about 10 µm) 128
MWW MCM-22 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough MCM-22: 100SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 25 Na2O : 5000H2O, T = 120 °C, t = 5 h and T = 160 °C, t = 96 h, seed: MCM-22; product: Si/Al = 11.1; yield: 36.2 wt% 129 and 130 MCM-22: 30.3SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10.61 hexamethyleneimine : 2.73 Na2O : 1363.64H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 7 days; product: Si/Al = 13; BET: 483 m2 g−1 131 and 132
MCM-49 MCM-49: 40SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10.8Na2O : 2080H2O, ultraphonic aging: T = 50 °C, t = 0.5 h, T = 140 °C, t = 32 h, seed: MCM-49; product: Si/Al = 7.6; crystals (about 150 nm); BET: 245 m2 g−1 MCM-49: 40SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 18 cyclohexanine : 4 Na2O : 800H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 45 h, seed: calcined MWW; product: Si/Al = 12.5; crystals (about 2 µm); BET: 434 m2 g; yield: 75 wt%
NES NU-87 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 60SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 9Na2O : 600H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 84 h, seed: calcined EU-1; product: Si/Al = 7–12.9; BET: 410 m2 g; yield: 57.9 wt% 133 40SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5-decane-1,10-bis(trimethylammonium bromide) : 6 Na2O : 1.33 NaBr : 2000H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 21 days, seed: NU-87; product: Si/Al = 17.5 134
OFF Offretite Inorganic first Organic modification 21.95SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 4.88Na2O : 2.32K2O : 0.30Cs2O : 341.5H2O, aging: t = 21 days, T = 90 °C, t = 6 days; product: Si/Al = 3.5; crystals (about 2–15 µm); BET: 380 m2 g−1 135 16SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 16-tetraethylammonium hydroxide : 1 tetramethylammonium chloride : 3KCl : 480H2O, T = 100 °C, t = 14 days, tumbling autoclave at 60 rpm; product: Si/Al = 3.15; BET: 360 m2 g−1 136
Linde T
PAU Paulingite Inorganic first Organic modification 2.5SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 2.75K2O : 50H2O, T = 135 °C, t = 3 days, seed: calcined ECR-18; product: no data 116 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 0.667 N-methyltropinium : 1.33Na2O : 1.33K2O : 266.67H2O, T = 120 °C, t = 7 days, tumbling autoclave at 60 rpm; product: Si/Al = 4.1–4.4; crystals (about 1–2 µm); BET: 420–620 m2 g−1 137
ECR-18
PHI Phillipsite Inorganic first Organic modification Phillipsite: 5SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1.5Na2O : 0.5K2O : 80H2O, T = 65 °C, t = 120 h; product: Si/Al = 1.34–3.32 138 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 4-choline : 0.6Na2O : 1.4Rb2O : 200H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 7 days; product: Si/Al = 4.8; crystals (about 3 µm) 139
Harmotome Harmotome: 2SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5.5Na2O : 0.5BaO : 190H2O, T = 65 °C, t = 24 h; product: Si/Al = 2.2
RHO RHO Inorganic first Organic modification 12.5SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 10Na2O : 0.725Cs2O : 125H2O, T = 90 °C, t = 1 h; product: Si/Al = 1.35–1.46; crystals (about 50 nm); BET: 650 m2 g−1 140 10SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 0.5 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacycleoctadecane : 1.8Na2O : 0.3 Cs2O : 100H2O, T = 110 °C, t = 4 days; product: Si/Al = 3.5 141 and 142
RTH [Al]-TTZ-1 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 65SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 26Na2O : 13 000H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 7 days, seed: deboronated RUB-13; product: Si/Al = 41; crystals (about 1–5 µm); acidic: 0.25 mmol g−1 143 25SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 5.25 2,6-methyl-N-methylpyridinium : 2.75 Na2O : 450H2O, T = 130 °C, t = 12 h; product: Si/Al = 8.8; crystals (about 0.1–0.3 µm); BET: 576 m2 g−1 144
STF Al-SSZ-35 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 80SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 20Na2O : 7600H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 40 h, seed: STF; product: Si/Al = 11–20; yield: 26–47 wt% 145 46SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 23 1,2,3-triethyl-4-methylimidazolium hydroxide : 23HF : 552H2O, T = 185 °C, t = 11 days; product: Si/Al = 45.9 146
STI Stilbite Inorganic first Organic modification Stilbite: 6SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 0.11Na2O : 0.89CaO; product: Si/Al = 2.87 147 30SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 4.5 1,4-bis(N-methylpyrrolidinium)-butane : 15Na2O : 1200H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 7 days, tumbling autoclave at 100 rpm; product: Si/Al = 7.1 148
Stellerite TNU-10 Stellerite: 7SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 1CaO, hydrothermal conversion of artificial water-free precursor glasses; product: Si/Al = 3.55
SZR SUZ-4 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 21SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 3.95K2O : 500H2O, T = 160 °C, t = 6 days, seed: calcined SUZ-4; product: crystals (about 5 µm) 149 21SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 2.6 tetraethylammonium hydroxide : 4.5 K2O : 520H2O, T = 150 °C, t = 4 days, tumbling autoclave at 60 rpm; product: Si/Al = 6; BET: 236 m2 g; yield: 56–84 wt% 150
TON ZSM-22 Organic first OSDA-free breakthrough 100SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 9.5K2O : 4545H2O, T = 140 °C, t = 2 days, seed: calcined ZSM-22, tumbling autoclave at 45 rpm; product: Si/Al = 44; crystals (about 2–4 µm); BET: 176 m2 g; yield: 88 wt% 151 50SiO2 : 1Al2O3 : 2.8 1,4-bis(3-methylimidazolyl)butane hydroxide: 6.3Na2O : 950H2O, T = 170 °C, t = 2 days; product: Si/Al = 22.3; crystals (about 60 nm); BET: 185.7 m2 g; yield: 84.5 wt% 152
a

This table mainly includes aluminosilicate zeolites.