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. 2026 Jun 18;17:1694247. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1694247

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Copyright © 2026 Zhou, Lin, Zhang, Qiu, Liu, Wu, Zhou, Pan, Qiu and Shi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating the steps of a DNA analysis workflow: Step 1 shows PCR amplification with labeled forward and reverse primers producing target sequences; Step 2 indicates shrimp alkaline phosphatase treatment; Step 3 depicts extension amplification of single nucleotides with an extension primer generating shorter products; Step 4 lists desalting and loading; Step 5 presents a mass spectrometry analysis result graph with a labeled peak for cytosine. — The flowchart of nucleotide MALDI-TOF-MS. MALDI-TOF-MS, nucleotide matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MALDI-TOF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SAP, shrimp alkaline phosphatase; MS, mass spectrometry.