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. 2026 Jun 18;17:1694247. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1694247

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Copyright © 2026 Zhou, Lin, Zhang, Qiu, Liu, Wu, Zhou, Pan, Qiu and Shi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating the study design for 100 recurrent tuberculosis cases at Wenzhou Central Hospital from June 2022 to December 2023, detailing collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, division into MGIT 960 culture and MALDI-TOF MS assay, reporting positive and negative cases for each method, and subsequent drug resistance and gene mutation analysis. — Flow diagram of the study design. BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; MTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NTM, nontuberculous mycobacteria; MGIT 960, Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube 960 liquid culture; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.