Table 2.
Descriptive statistics (mean ± SD) of heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO₂) across study groups and time points, with summary results of two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Abbreviations: DA, during anesthesia; DR, during rubber dam; DT, during treatment; Pre, pre-anesthesia.*Statistical analysis differences (P < 0.05). HR was analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA
| Jaw | Variable | Time Point | Manual Syringe | CCLAD | Vibration-Assisted | Jet Injection | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | |||||||
| Lower Jaw | HR | Pre | 97.93 ± 14.32 | 91.43 ± 16.41 | 91.29 ± 10.61 | 93.57 ± 8.20 |
Time effect (P < 0.001*), Group × Time effect (P = 0.018*) |
| DA | 116.93 ± 15.50 | 95.07 ± 18.72 | 102.93 ± 18.22 | 98.00 ± 12.69 | |||
| DR | 107.36 ± 16.20 | 91.36 ± 19.17 | 98.14 ± 8.98 | 96.57 ± 12.89 | |||
| DT | 99.36 ± 16.75 | 89.86 ± 16.19 | 93.00 ± 12.64 | 99.79 ± 15.65 | |||
| SpO2 | All time points | ~ 98–99 | ~ 98–99 | ~ 98–99 | ~ 98–99 | > 0.05 | |
| Upper Jaw | HR | Pre | 93.64 ± 15.68 | 95.07 ± 11.52 | 97.93 ± 8.53 | 93.57 ± 10.23 |
Time effect (P = 0.001*), Group × Time effect (P = 0.264) |
| DA | 108.71 ± 15.02 | 96.00 ± 11.43 | 110.00 ± 31.90 | 103.14 ± 14.87 | |||
| DR | 94.00 ± 15.97 | 96.86 ± 10.48 | 103.00 ± 13.40 | 95.71 ± 12.34 | |||
| DT | 97.29 ± 13.16 | 94.21 ± 9.47 | 101.71 ± 20.12 | 98.14 ± 9.90 | |||
| SpO2 | All time points | ~ 98–99 | ~ 98–99 | ~ 98–99 | ~ 98–99 | > 0.05 |