Table 13.

Ablation study results on test set (5-fold cross-validation).

Configuration	Acc. (%)	(%)
Full BATL	93.33 ± 0.94	–
Component ablations
w/o biomechanical constraints	85.55 ± 1.83
w/o phase discovery	88.89 ± 1.47
w/o dual-stream fusion	84.44 ± 2.11
Individual constraint ablations
w/o	90.00 ± 1.56
w/o	91.11 ± 1.34
w/o	92.22 ± 1.02
Architecture variants
Replace BiLSTM with GRU	91.11 ± 1.45
Replace BiLSTM with transformer	92.22 ± 1.28
Single-layer LSTM	88.89 ± 1.67
Training strategy ablations
w/o data agmentation	86.67 ± 2.34
w/o dropout	85.55 ± 2.45
w/o weight decay	87.78 ± 1.98
w/o class confusion aug	91.11 ± 1.23