Table 3.
Percent change in daily mortality categories and 95% CIs per 10-μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 using penalized splines and alternative lags [percent change (95% CI)].
| County, laga | All-cause mortality | Cardiovascular mortality | Respiratory mortality | Mortality > 65 years of age |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contra Costa | ||||
| 2 | 0.8 (−1.0 to 2.6) | 0.6 (−2.1 to 3.3) | 0.4 (−5.1 to 6.0) | 0.5 (−1.5 to 2.5) |
| 01 | 0.4 (−1.9 to 2.7) | −0.6 (−4.1 to 2.9) | 6.9 (0.1 to 13.8) | 0.2 (−2.4 to 2.8) |
| Fresno | ||||
| 2 | 0.3 (−0.8 to 1.4) | 0.5 (−1.1 to 2.2) | 1.2 (−1.8 to 4.2) | 0.8 (−0.5 to 2.0) |
| 01 | 0.2 (−1.1 to 1.5) | −0.1 (−2.1 to 1.9) | 2.0 (−1.6 to 5.6) | 0.4 (−1.1 to 1.9) |
| Kern | ||||
| 2 | −0.4 (−1.5 to 0.7) | 0.8 (−0.6 to 2.3) | −1.2 (−3.9 to 1.5) | −0.1 (−1.4 to 1.1) |
| 01 | −0.3 (−1.5 to 0.9) | 1.3 (−0.4 to 3.0) | −1.2 (−4.3 to 1.9) | −0.1 (−1.5 to 1.3) |
| Los Angeles | ||||
| 2 | −0.1 (−0.5 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.8) | 1.2 (−0.2 to 2.6) | −0.3 (−0.8 to 0.3) |
| 01 | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.4 (−0.3 to 1.2) | 2.1 (0.6 to 3.6) | 0.5 (−0.1 to 1.1) |
| Orange | ||||
| 2 | 1.7 (0.6 to 2.9) | 0.8 (−0.9 to 2.6) | 5.7 (2.4 to 9.0) | 1.2 (−0.1 to 2.5) |
| 01 | 2.3 (1.0 to 3.6) | 1.8 (−0.2 to 3.8) | 7.6 (3.7 to 11.5) | 2.3 (0.9 to 3.8) |
| Riverside | ||||
| 2 | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−1.2 to 1.2) | −0.5 (−2.7 to 1.7) | −0.3 (−1.3 to 0.6) |
| 01 | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.2) | −0.1 (−1.6 to 1.3) | −0.4 (−3.1 to 2.3) | 0.1 (−1.0 to 1.3) |
| Sacramento | ||||
| 2 | 0.8 (−0.4 to 2.0) | 1.1 (−0.7 to 2.8) | 3.5 (0.3 to 6.7) | 0.9 (−0.4 to 2.3) |
| 01 | 0.5 (−1.0 to 1.9) | 0.9 (−1.2 to 3.0) | 4.0 (−1.6 to 6.4) | 1.1 (−0.6 to 2.8) |
| Santa Clara | ||||
| 2 | 0.0 (−1.1 to 1.1) | −0.2 (−1.8 to 1.4) | 1.7 (−1.6 to 5.0) | −0.2 (−1.4 to 1.0) |
| 01 | 1.1 (−0.1 to 2.3) | 1.1 (−0.6 to 2.9) | 1.7 (−1.9 to 5.3) | 1.2 (−0.1 to 2.6) |
| San Diego | ||||
| 2 | 0.7 (−0.8 to 2.2) | 1.0 (−1.3 to 3.2) | 1.4 (−2.8 to 5.6) | 1.4 (−0.3 to 3.0) |
| 01 | 0.8 (−1.0 to 2.6) | 0.3 (−2.2 to 2.9) | 4.0 (−1.0 to 9.0) | 1.2 (−0.8 to 3.2) |
| Pooled results | ||||
| 2 | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.7) | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.7) | 1.3 (0.1 to 2.6) | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.7) |
| 01 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) | 0.6 (0.0 to 1.1) | 2.2 (0.6 to 3.9) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.1) |
CI, confidence interval.
a
Lag 01, average of 0- and 1-day lags of PM2.5; lag 2, 2-day lag of PM2.5. Model also includes day of week, spline smoothers of temperature and humidity, and two spline smoothers for time. Pooled results based on meta-analysis using a random-effects model.