TABLE 1.
Demographic and descriptive data of the participants at the 10-year follow-up
| Total group | Male group | Female group | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | T1D | Controls | ρ | T1D | Controls | ρ | T1D | Controls | ρ |
| N | 82 | 41 | 29 | 10 | 53 | 31 | |||
| Age (years) | 24.2 ± 2.8 | 23.8 ± 3.2 | ns | 24.3 ± 2.7 | 24.1 ± 3.7 | ns | 24.6 ± 2.9 | 23.8 ± 3.1 | ns |
| Age at diagnosis date (years) | 8.2 ± 3.7 | – | 8.3 ± 3.9 | – | 8.1 ± 3.6 | – | |||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 15.4 ± 3.7 | – | 15.2 ± 4.4 | – | 15.5 ± 3.4 | – | |||
| Insulin pump usage (%) | 56 (68%) | – | 22 (76%) | – | 34 (64%) | – | |||
| Smokers | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | |||
| Blood pressure medications | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
| Statin therapy | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |||
| Height (cm) | 173.5 ± 9.6 | 171.7 ± 8.3 | ns | 184.2 ± 5.1 | 181.6 ± 5.3 | ns | 167.7 ± 5.7 | 168.5 ± 6.4 | ns |
| Weight (kg) | 74.9 ± 14.2 | 67.3 ± 13.4 | 0.005 | 82.3 ± 12.9 | 80.3 ± 13.4 | ns | 70.9 ± 13.3 | 63.1 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 4.0 | 22.6 ± 3.3 | 0.004 | 24.2 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.6 | ns | 26.3 ± 4.9 | 22.7 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| Overweight, BMI (≥25 kg/m2) (%)b | 22 (27%) | 10 (24%) | ns | 7 (24%) | 5 (50%) | ns | 15 (28%) | 5 (16%) | ns |
| Obese, BMI (≥30 kg/m2) (%)b | 12 (15%) | 0 | 0.010 | 3 (10%) | 0 | ns | 9 (17%) | 0 | 0.023 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.9 ± 10.9 | 77.7 ± 9.7 | 0.002 | 87.5 ± 11.2 | 86.9 ± 10.1 | ns | 82.0 ± 10.3 | 74.7 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 64 ± 14 | 32 ± 3 | <0.001 | 61 ± 9 | 32 ± 2 | <0.001 | 65 ± 17 | 32 ± 3 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 7.7 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 8.1 ± 1.5 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | ns | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | ns | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | ns |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | ns | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | ns | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | ns |
| LDL-c (mmol/l) | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | ns | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | ns | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 0.006 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)a | 0.8 (0.3, 6.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.7) | ns | 0.8 (0.3, 3.5) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.7) | ns | 0.8 (0.3, 6.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.5) | ns |
| Apolipoprotein B (g/l) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | ns | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | ns | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.013 |
| Apolipoprotein A1 (g/l) | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | ns | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | ns | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | ns |
| Apo B-to-ApoA1 ratio | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | ns | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | ns | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | ns |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 68.5 ± 11.9 | 69.1 ± 11.8 | ns | 76.5 ± 10.0 | 80.1 ± 11.8 | ns | 63.9 ± 10.4 | 66.1 ± 10.0 | ns |
| eGFR | 116.9 ± 13.4 | 112.7 ± 14.7 | ns | 121.5 ± 9.6 | 117.8 ± 13.4 | ns | 114.4 ± 14.5 | 111.1 ± 15.0 | ns |
| u-ACR (mg/mmol)a | 0.5 (0.1, 232.6) | 0.3 (0.1, 93.4) | ns | 0.4 (0.1, 7.7) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.053 | 0.6 (0.2, 232.6) | 0.4 (0.1, 93.4) | ns |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations (SDs), analyzed by independent samples t-test.
a
Presented as median (minimum and maximum) by Mann–Whitney U test.
b
Numbers and percentages by Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate.