Fig. 3.

Network meta-analysis for reoperation. (A) Network plot showing the distribution of direct comparisons across timing strategy, with node size proportional to sample size and edge thickness reflecting comparative evidence. (B) P score radar plot demonstrating the relative ranking of each strategy for reoperation risk, where higher values indicate lower probability of requiring reoperation. (C) League table heatmap showing pooled pairwise risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals. Values > 1 indicate higher reoperation risk in the row-defining strategy relative to the column-defining comparator, whereas values < 1 favor the row strategy. Color intensity reflects the magnitude of effect. Abbreviations: Pre = Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement prior to cranioplasty. Simultaneous = Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement at the time of cranioplasty. Post = Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement after cranioplasty