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. 2026 Jul 6;48(1):172. doi: 10.1007/s00276-026-03930-x

Table 2.

Statistical comparisons between groups

Comparison Test Statistic p-value
Right versus Left Paired t-test t = − 2.214 0.032*
Right versus Left Wilcoxon signed-rank W = 267.5 0.013*
Male versus Female Independent t-test t = 0.989 0.325
Male versus Female Mann-Whitney U U = 1045.0 0.318
Normality (overall) Shapiro-Wilk W = 0.974 0.072
Variance equality Levene’s test F = 0.487 0.487

*Statistically significant (p < 0.05)