Table 6.

Comparison of foramen rotundum canal LENGTH measurements across studies

Study	Year	Method	Sample	Parameter	Mean (mm)	SD (mm)	Range (mm)
Present study	2026	CBCT	44 pts (88 FR)	Overall	4.07	1.78	0.75–9.12
				Right side	3.81	1.77	0.75–7.52
				Left side	4.33	1.77	1.00-9.12
Ginsberg et al. [11]	1994	HR-CT (1.5 mm)	123 patients	Canal length	3.4	—	—
Amin et al. [2]*	2010	Endoscopic	5 heads + 4 skulls	V2 canal	12.45	1.60	11.0-15.5
Unver Dogan et al. [24]	2014	Direct measurements	44 dry skulls + 18 cadavers	Canal length	4.48/4.36	1.15/0.66	3.93–5.01

SD = standard deviation; HR-CT = high-resolution computed tomography; PPF = pterygopalatine fossa; MCF = middle cranial fossa

*Amin et al. [2]: Their V2 canal represents an operational endoscopic construct (surgical drilling corridor from PPF to MCF), not a standardised morphometric FR definition. Measurement likely extended beyond strict osseous canal boundaries. Small sample size (n = 10 sides), mixed material (formalin cadavers + dry skulls), no intra-/interobserver reliability data. Values should not be directly compared with anatomical FR canal length measurements