Table 4.
Comparison of optimal processing conditions obtained from RSM and metaheuristic algorithms (PSO and GWO) for simultaneous maximization of TPC and FRAP.
| Method | Temperature (°C) | Time (min) | Amplitude (%) | TPC (mg GAE/100 ml) | FRAP (mmol TE/L) | Desirability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RSM (model optimum) | 40.00 | 6.75 | 64.04 | 154.63 | 13.25 | 0.97–1.00 |
| RSM (experimental validation) | 40.00 | 6.75 | 64.04 | 149.77 | 12.86 | — |
| PSO | 40.33 | 8.10 | 69.06 | 153.83 | 13.00 | 1.00 |
| GWO | 40.33 | 8.10 | 69.06 | 153.83 | 13.00 | 1.00 |
RSM, response surface methodology; GWO, gray wolf optimizer; PSO, particle swarm optimization; FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; TPC, total phenolic content; TE, trolox equivalents; GAE, gallic acid equivalents.