Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of fasting-related headache during Ramadan 2023.
| Characteristic | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Headache phenotype* | |
| Heaviness or tension | 955 (55.7) |
| Pulsation | 914 (53.3) |
| Tingling | 148 (8.6) |
| Relief after breaking the fast† | |
| Yes | 936 (54.6) |
| No | 777 (45.4) |
| Timing of onset* | |
| Morning | 355 (20.5) |
| Midday | 405 (23.4) |
| Afternoon | 653 (37.8) |
| Evening before breaking fast (pre-iftar period) | 648 (37.5) |
| Evening after breaking fast (post-iftar period) | 380 (22.0) |
| Pain location* | |
| Forehead | 695 (43.4) |
| Bilateral | 484 (30.2) |
| Right side | 405 (25.3) |
| Back of the head | 363 (22.7) |
| Left side | 363 (22.7) |
| Vertex | 6 (0.5) |
| Associated symptoms* | |
| Fatigue | 843 (47.7) |
| Nausea | 801 (45.3) |
| Phonophobia | 728 (41.2) |
| Photophobia | 609 (34.5) |
| Dizziness | 424 (24.0) |
| Blurred vision | 312 (17.7) |
| Vomiting | 266 (15.1) |
Values are n (%), percentages are calculated among participants reporting headache while fasting during Ramadan 2023 with available responses for each item; denominators therefore vary across items.
*Multiple responses permitted. †Relief assessed after iftar.