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. 2026 May 11;16:21380. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-49343-z

Table 4.

Three class validation and holdout accuracy.

Model Validation Acc. Holdout Acc.
Transformer 93.41% 93.06%
CNN-LSTM 90.31% 89.58%
HGB 77.52% 83.33%