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. 2026 May 11;26:1231. doi: 10.1186/s12903-026-08541-x

Table 3.

Characteristics of included studies

Author and Year Material Sample size Type of support tooth Restoration type Points
Measured
per Specimen
Adjusted cement space Scanner type Fit analysis performed cemented or not cemented
Prudenta et al. 2018 Lithium disilicate block n:10 Extracted tooth Full crown 6 80 μm IOS Not cemented
Kim et al. 2016

PMMA Resin block

Lithium disilicate

n:5 Typodont Full crown 2 60 μm Both of IOS and EOS Cemented
Nagi et al. 2023 PEEK, Lithium disilicate block n:8 Extracted tooth Full crown 16 50 μm IOS Not cemented
Attia et al. 2023

Milled and pressed

PEEK

n:10 Stainless- steel die Full crown 12 30 μm EOS Not cemented
Silveira et al. 2017

Lithium disilicate block

Composite resin block

n:10 Extracted tooth Full crown 12 80 μm IOS Not cemented
Tabata et al. 2020

Lithium disilicate block

Resin infiltrated glass ceramic

n:16 Extracted tooth Full crown 12 80 μm EOS Not cemented
Rizonaki et al. 2022 Lithium disilicate block n:10 Typodont Full crown 9 80 μm IOS Cemented
Topkara et al. 2022 Feldspathic ceramic block n:10 Extracted tooth Partial crown 9 120 μm IOS Cemented
Tamam et al. 2023 Feldspathic ceramic block n:7 Typodont Full crown 7 90 μm EOS Not cemented
Rezende et al. 2017 High-strength zirconia block n:12 Zirconia die Full crown 8 80 μm EOS Not cemented
Abduljavad et al. 2022 Lithium disilicate block n:10 Extracted tooth Partial crown 11

Marginal: 0

Internal: 80 μm

Both of IOS and EOS Not cemented
Akat et al. 2022 Feldspathic Ceramic block n:11 Typodont Full crown 9

Marginal:80 μm

Internal: 120 μm

IOS Not cemented
Alharbi et al. 2018 Hybrid Composite Resin Material n:40 Typodont Full crown 51

Marginal: 60 μm

Internal : 100 μm

EOS Not cemented
Aldahian et al. 2021 Cercon base PMMA block n:10 Typodont Full crown 12 100 μm EOS Not cemented
Atlas et al., 2024

High- strength glass-ceramic

Zirconia Reinforced Lithium Silicate block

n:18 Extracted tooth Full crown 24 25 μm IOS Cemented
Bandiaky et al. 2023 High- strength zirconia- based material n:9 Typodont Five- unit Zirconia based FDP’s 756 50 μm EOS Not cemented
Borba et al. 2013

Yttria-partially-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycristals,

Glass-infiltrated zirconiareinforced Alumina-based ceramic block

n:10 Stainless- steel die Three- unit FDPs 18 20 μm EOS Not cemented
ArRejaie et al. 2018 Zirconia n = 10 Stainless- steel die Full crown 11 30 μm EOS Not cemented
Bayrak et al. 2021 Felshpathic ceramic block n:11 Typodont Partial crown 11

Marginal : 25 μm

Internal: 80 μm

IOS Not cemented
Dauti et al. 2018 Polymer infiltrated ceramic block n:10 Typodont Full crown 4

Marginal: 0 μm

Internal gap: 50 μm

EOS Cemented
Dauti et al. 2020 Polymer infiltrated ceramic block n:50 Typodont Full crown 4

Marginal: 0 μm

Internal gap: 80 μm

IOS Not cemented
Freitas et al. 2020 Lithium disilicate block n:8 Typodont Full crown 9 40 μm EOS Not cemented
Daou et al. 2024

Polychromatic, süper-high translucency zirconia,

Co- Cr sintered metal

n:12 Typodont Three-units-FDPs 18 30 μm EOS Not cemented
Elbadawy et al. 2021 Lithium disilicate block n:30 Typodont Partial crown 9 50 μm EOS Not cemented
Elbadawy et al. 2022

Hybrid all ceramic,

Zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic

n:30 Typodont Partial crown 9 50 μm EOS Not cemented
Ferrairo et al. 2021 Monolithic lithium disilicate block n:10 Typodont Full crown 84 50 μm EOS Not cemented
Hassouneh et al. 2023

Resin matrix ceramic, Partially crystallized lithium disilicate glass ceramic,

Fully crystallized LDGC

n:10 Extracted tooth Partial crown 8 80 μm IOS Not cemented
Son et al. 2019 Pre- sintered yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline block n:40 Extracted tooth Full crown 10 40 μm EOS Not cemented
Park et al. 2019 PMMA Resin block n:10 Plastic supports simulating implant abutments Three- unit implant supported prothesis 11 0 μm EOS Not cemented
Oğuz et al. 2021 Feldspathic ceramic block n:12 Typodont Full crown 9 100 μm EOS Not cemented
Peng et al. 2020 Bis- acrylic composite resin, CAD/CAM PMMA Resin, 3D Printed methacrylic olygomers n:12 Typodont Full crown 9 75 μm EOS Cemented
Toma et al. 2023 Hıgh performance polymer (PEEK and PEKK) n:8 Typodont Partial crown 13 30 μm EOS Cemented
Saab et al. 2018 Yttrium oxide partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal ceramic block n:10 Stainless- steel die Full crown (coping) 4

Marginal: 30 μm

İnternal: 70 μm

IOS Not cemented
Pereira et al. 2024 Lithium disilicate (LS2) reinforced glass ceramic CAD/CAM block n:10 Typodont Full crown 7 80 μm IOS Not cemented
Zheng et al. 2022

Pre- sintered zirconia- reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic,

Fully- sintered zirconia- reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic,

Resin composite

n:10 Typodont Partial crown 58 120 μm IOS Not cemented
Alajaji et al. 2017 Lithium disilicate block n:15 Typodont Partial crown 120

Marginal: 25 μm

Internal: 100 μm

IOS Not cemented
Yildirim et al. 2017

Hybrid-ceramic and

resin

nanoceramic block

n:12 Typodont Full crown 160 40 μm IOS Not cemented
Cunali et al. 2017 Polycrystallşne zirconia copings n:10 Metal die Full crown 4

Marginal: 20 μm

İnternal: 70 μm

EOS Not cemented
Jalalian et al. 2023 PMMA Block n:7 Metal die Full crown 4 30 μm IOS Not cemented
Ekici et al. 2021 Feldspathic ceramic block n:12 Typodont Full crown 18 for crown, 7 for inlay

All ceramic crowns: 100 μm,

Inlay ceramic crown: 120 μm

BOTH OF EOS and IOS Not cemented
Vag et al. 2020 Lithium disilicate block n:8 Extracted tooth (Cadaver) Full crown 10 70 μm IOS Not cemented