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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2026 May 9;212:110297. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110297

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Age-varying average marginal effects (AMEs) of prenatal and postnatal HAP on weight-for-age z-score. Curves were derived from linear mixed-effects single-pollutant models with quadratic time terms, and exposure-by-time interactions. Prenatal CO and postnatal PM2.5 were modeled on the log2 scale while prenatal PM2.5 and postnatal CO were on the linear scale. AMEs were computed at the population level by marginalizing over random effects. Models were adjusted for asset index, maternal age, maternal BMI, ethnicity, second-hand tobacco smoke exposure, parity, season of birth, child sex, and prenatal CO (for postnatal CO models) or prenatal PM2.5 (for postnatal PM2.5 model). Curves were averaged over categorical covariates (frequency-weighted); continuous covariates were fixed at the mean or median. Shaded band = 95% CI. CO – carbon monoxide; PM2.5 – fine particulate matter; WAZ – weight-for-age z-score.