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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2026 May 9;212:110297. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2026.110297

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Age-varying marginal effects of prenatal and postnatal HAP on BMI-for-age z-score. Curves were derived from mixed-effects quadratic-in-time, linear-in-exposure single-pollutant models with two-way interaction between polynomial time terms and log2-transformed exposures. Estimates were computed at the population level by marginalizing over random effects. Models were adjusted for asset index, maternal age, maternal BMI, ethnicity, second-hand tobacco smoke exposure, parity, season of birth, child sex, and prenatal CO (for postnatal CO models) or prenatal PM2.5 (for postnatal PM2.5 model). Curves were averaged over categorical covariates (frequency-weighted); continuous covariates were fixed at the mean or median. Shaded band = 95% CI. CO – carbon monoxide; PM2.5 – fine particulate matter; BMIZ – Body mass index-for-age z-score.