Table 3.

Meta-analytic results for different response types in human-agent vs. human-human interactions

Response theme	Response	Hedges’ g	95% CI	t	t_p	Q	Q_p	I2 (%)	BF10	k	m
Prosociality and morality	Prosocial behaviour	−0.648	[−0.82, −0.48]	−8.66	< 0.001	10.83	0.288	21.78	6003.065	9	10
	Moral engagement	−0.376	[−0.48, −0.27]	−8.19	< 0.001	4.04	0.991	0	1725.850	8	14
Social perceptions of interaction partners	Perceived social presence	−0.284	[−0.52, −0.05]	−2.81	0.023	48.72	< 0.001	68.19	3.495	9	20
	Perceived likeability	−0.352	[−0.54, −0.16]	−3.78	< 0.001	443.07	< 0.001	88.39	41.417	28	41
	Perceived competence	−0.457	[−0.61, −0.30]	−6.21	< 0.001	148.84	< 0.001	77.56	10296.030	23	31
	Agency attribution	−0.705	[−1.16, −0.25]	−3.43	0.006	229.52	< 0.001	94.62	16.554	11	18
	Responsibility attribution	−0.511	[−0.72, −0.30]	−5.44	< 0.001	92.77	< 0.001	81.56	512.117	12	18
Trust in interaction partners	Behavioural trust	−0.020	[−0.16, 0.12]	−0.30	0.769	47.98	0.002	60.83	0.077	18	24
	Subjective trust	−0.109	[−0.23, 0.01]	−1.88	0.073	115.41	< 0.001	76.87	0.358	25	35
Social alignment	Social alignment	−0.004	[−0.10, 0.09]	−0.08	0.937	52.90	0.027	33.11	0.052	22	36
Personal agency and task performance	Perceived self-agency	0.010	[−0.14, 0.16]	0.16	0.880	18.51	0.139	37.53	0.084	9	14
	Self-disclosure	0.025	[−0.16, 0.21]	0.31	0.766	28.03	0.109	44.89	0.089	9	21
	Strategic economic behaviour	−0.086	[−0.18, 0.01]	−1.93	0.078	32.82	0.084	32.26	0.246	13	24
	Objective task performance	0.008	[−0.10, 0.12]	0.15	0.884	70.60	< 0.001	46.39	0.062	23	38
Interaction experiences	Perceived partner relational qualities	−0.157	[−0.40, 0.09]	−1.36	0.194	159.82	< 0.001	91.66	0.320	17	25
	Affective valence	−0.226	[−0.57, 0.12]	−1.49	0.171	84.45	< 0.001	86.33	0.410	10	14
	Affective arousal	−0.087	[−0.34, 0.17]	−0.87	0.422	17.81	0.058	46.56	0.168	6	11
	Interaction satisfaction	0.085	[−0.12, 0.29]	0.86	0.400	281.59	< 0.001	94.73	0.154	19	27
	Future interaction intention	0.105	[−0.10, 0.31]	1.32	0.245	14.10	0.028	57.34	0.212	6	7
	Perceived interaction naturalness	−0.368	[−1.24, 0.50]	−1.18	0.304	73.40	< 0.001	96.97	0.585	5	5
	Perceived interaction enjoyment	−0.182	[−0.69, 0.32]	−0.88	0.411	83.97	< 0.001	89.06	0.355	7	10
	Subjective workload	−0.157	[−0.54, 0.23]	−1.13	0.323	32.49	0.002	69.04	0.320	5	14
	Subjective task engagement	−0.063	[−0.31, 0.19]	−0.57	0.585	20.85	0.022	58.66	0.168	10	11

For simplicity, this table presents results primarily from frequentist meta-analysis. BF₁₀ is presented to provide complementary Bayesian evidence for H₁ over H₀. All frequentist estimates are consistent with Bayesian estimates. Full Bayesian results are presented in Supplementary Table 16. Specifically, Hedges’ g, 95% CI, t-value and associated p-value were estimated via random-effects meta-analysis. Q is Cochrane’s Q-statistic for testing heterogeneity. I² is the proportion of total variance attributable to true heterogeneity rather than sampling error. k is the number of studies including in meta-analysis. m is the number of effect sizes included.