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. 2026 Jul 4;27(13):6010. doi: 10.3390/ijms27136010
ABC ATP-binding cassette
ABCB1 (P-gp/MDR1) ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1)
ABCC ATP-binding cassette subfamily C
ABCG2 (BCRP) ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (breast cancer resistance protein)
ALL Acute lymphoid leukemia
ANRIL Antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus
ATM Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
ATR ATM and Rad3-related
ATRX Alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked
BBB Blood–brain barrier
BCL2 B-cell lymphoma 2
BRCA1/2 Breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2
CDDP Cisplatin
ceRNA Competing endogenous RNA
Chk1 Checkpoint kinase 1
CNS Central nervous system
CT Computed tomography
CTR1 Copper transporter 1
DDR DNA damage response
EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor
EMT Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
ERK1/2 Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2
FOXO1 Forkhead box O1
GBM Glioblastoma
GSCs Glioblastoma stem cells
GSH Glutathione
HIF-1α Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
HR Homologous recombination
IC50 Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase
lncRNA Long non-coding RNA
LOH Loss of heterozygosity
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDR Multidrug resistance
MDM2 Mouse double minute 2
miRNA (miR) MicroRNA
mRNA Messenger RNA
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MTT Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay
MYC (c-Myc) MYC proto-oncogene
NER Nucleotide excision repair
nt Nucleotide
PARP Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PDGFA Platelet-derived growth factor A
PDGFRα Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha
PD-L1 Programmed death-ligand 1
PET Positron emission tomography
PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog
qPCR Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
RB Retinoblastoma
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RT Radiotherapy
siRNA Small interfering RNA
SPECT Single-photon emission computed tomography
SOX2 SRY-box transcription factor 2
TERT Telomerase reverse transcriptase
TME Tumor microenvironment
TMZ Temozolomide
TP53 Tumor protein p53
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
XPA Xeroderma pigmentosum group