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. 2026 Jun 29;27(13):5863. doi: 10.3390/ijms27135863
D–A Donor–acceptor
NPs Nanoparticles
PEG-b-PLA Poly(ethylene glycol)-block polylactide methyl ether
PEO-PPO-PEO, Pluronic® F-127 Polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide
ROS Reactive oxygen species
PSs Photosensitizers
ICT Intramolecular charge transfer
HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital
LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
NIR Near-infrared
PDT Photodynamic therapy
PTT Photothermal therapy
EPR Enhanced permeability and retention
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
DLS Dynamic light scattering
FBS Saline/fetal bovine serum
Cryo-TEM Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy
DFT Density functional theory
ISC Intersystem crossing
PTCE Photothermal conversion efficiency
PI Phototoxicity indexes