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. 2026 Jun 30;17:1826309. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1826309

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Copyright © 2026 Ndlovu, Christison, Vosloo and Vosloo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three-dimensional scatter plot visualizing two distinct groups: blue points with an ellipse for negative Ichthyophonis and red points with an ellipse for positive Ichthyophonis. Axes labeled LV1, LV2, and LV3 with corresponding variance explained percentages. — Three dimensional PLS-DA plot shoeing the separation between I. hoferi-positive and I. hoferi-negative white stumpnose (Rhabdosargus globiceps). The red cluster represents I. hoferi-positive fish, while the blue cluster represents uninfected controls. The first three latent variable explained a substantial proportion of variation in the dataset (LV1: X + 11%, Y77%; LV2 X = 15%, Y = 9%; LV3: X = 6%, Y8%), demonstrating clear discrimination between two groups).