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. 2025 Jun 6;36(3):682–698. doi: 10.1007/s10926-025-10303-5

Table 4.

The mean or relative frequencies of the register proxies in the total sample and individual clusters

Proxies Total sample Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6 Cluster 7 Cluster 8 Cluster 9 Cluster 10 Cluster 11
Number of individuals, thousands 2750.7 394 143.6 201 368.4 211.9 218.8 308 119.2 330 182.2 273.7
Proportion of total sample, % 100 14.3 5.2 7.3 13.4 7.7 8 11.2 4.3 12 6.6 10
Age, mean 42.4 28.1 28.9 31.7 36.5 39.4 42.5 43.3 52.6 54.6 56 58.6
Age class, %
20–29 20.9 63.9 62.3 43.5 18.1 23.1 6.7 4.4 0.1 0 0 0
30–39 23.1 31.3 26.7 36 50.2 34.3 25.6 24 3.7 0 1 0
40–49 21.7 4.8 10 16.7 25.7 19 42.3 56.8 24.4 23.6 11.3 4.8
50–59 22.8 0 1.1 0.8 5.9 19.5 23.1 14.7 57.5 48.7 58.6 44.4
60–64 11.5 0 0 0 0.2 4.1 2.3 0.2 14.3 27.7 29.1 50.8
Sex, %
Male 50.8 68 0 100 34.6 17 0 100 4.3 65.6 18.5 74.3
Female 49.2 32 100 0 65.4 83 100 0 95.7 34.4 81.5 25.7
Native language, %
Finnish 86.1 87.5 83.7 82.2 80.9 87.9 86.4 83.4 86.1 89.8 89.6 89.4
Swedish 4.7 4.2 3.6 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.6 5.8 5.2 3.7 6.1 4.3
Other 9.3 8.3 12.7 13.6 14.4 7.3 8.1 10.8 8.7 6.6 4.3 6.4
Level of education, %
Primary degree or unknown 13.2 16.1 14.6 18.7 12.8 2.9 4.2 13.1 10.1 18.2 8 19.4
Secondary degree 48 64.8 77.4 68 73.7 1 11.3 26.6 8.7 57.2 83.1 31.5
Higher degree 38.8 19.1 8.1 13.3 13.5 96.1 84.5 60.3 81.2 24.7 9 49.1
Occupation, %
Armed forces 0.3 0.3 0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0 1 0.1 0.2 0 0.2
Managers 2.8 0.6 0.3 1.5 2 2.2 3.5 7.8 3.6 2 1.4 5.2
Professionals 17 7.6 2 3.6 1.6 56.6 42.4 33.6 38.9 6.9 2.8 11.1
Technicians and associate professionals 13.7 8.7 5.5 11 11.8 23.2 23.6 16.2 22.1 9.9 9.8 14.6
Clerical support workers 3.8 3.6 4.9 3 3.5 5.5 5 1.9 6.2 3.3 5.1 3.1
Service and sales workers 14.6 14.6 28.8 11.2 22.6 6.2 12.2 7 8.5 10.3 43.5 4
Skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers 1.6 0.8 0.7 1.3 1.8 0.4 1.1 2.4 1.3 1.7 4 1.7
Craft and related traders workers 7.3 8.5 2 16 9.4 0.6 0.8 10.9 1.4 8.3 5.5 8.3
Plant and machine operators and assemblers 6.2 7.2 3 11.2 7.1 1.1 1.4 8.4 1.9 7.5 6.5 6.7
Elementary occupations 4.4 5.6 6.7 5.6 5 1.8 2.7 2.8 3.9 4.7 8.5 2.2
Missing information 28.5 34.9 46.1 35.1 45.3 2.4 8 7.4 12.1 42.7 12.9 42.8
Number of underaged children, %
0 68 99.6 87.2 97.9 9.4 97.3 12.9 2.7 78.3 99.5 96.2 99.3
1 13.4 0.41 12.8 2.1 12.6 2.8 48.6 56 8.4 0.4 3.5 0.6
2–3 17 0 0 0 71.8 0 34 37.9 12.5 0.1 0.2 0.1
4 1.6 0 0 0 6.2 0 4.5 3.4 0.8 0 0.1 0.01
Household size, %
1 25.9 89.6 0 0 0 14.3 0 0 24 89.3 4.8 0
2 33.8 0 90.8 90.2 0 83.3 3 0.9 15.3 1.6 84.1 94.4
3 or more 40.3 10.4 9.2 9.8 100 2.4 97 99.1 60.8 9.1 11.1 5.6
Family type, %
Living alone 25.4 87.7 0 0 0 14.3 0 0 22.8 86.9 4.8 0
Couple without children 28 0 63.5 66 0 77 0 0 3 0.3 76.1 87.8
Couple with child(ren) 34.3 6.8 0 1.9 88.9 0 95.2 96.1 30.4 7 7.7 2.4
Single parent 6.9 1.4 18.8 11.1 9.8 3.9 4.8 2.2 35.2 1.5 8.2 4.5
Type of municipality of residence, %
City 74.9 84.7 84.6 80.9 68 86.7 75.7 74.7 79 74.8 34.1 77
Densely populated area 14 9.1 9.6 11.3 18.1 9.3 14.6 14.8 12.9 14.6 23.9 15.1
Rural area 11.1 6.2 5.8 7.8 13.9 4 9.7 10.5 8.1 10.6 42 7.9
Number of health challenges, %
0 health challenges 50.3 56.9 48.6 63.3 49.6 50.6 61.1 45.2 43.9 43.2 41.9 41.6
1 health challenge 39 36.5 43.9 31.3 43.3 40.8 32.1 46.1 42.4 37.8 41.4 39
2 health challenges 10.7 6.5 7.5 5.5 7.1 8.6 6.9 8.7 13.7 19 16.7 19.5