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. 2026 Jun 26;9:1807677. doi: 10.3389/frai.2026.1807677

Figure 2.

Four probability density plots display error and RMSE analyses for the PIDE dataset and two specific cell lines. Top plots show absolute percentage error and RMSE across the full dataset, with red dashed lines marking average values. Bottom plots compare RMSE distributions for DL, LEM, and MKM models in V79 and HSG cell lines, each average indicated by a colored dashed line.

Model performance. (A) Absolute percentage error. (B) RMSE. (C) RMSE comparison for the V79 cells. (D) RMSE comparison for the HSG cells. (A) Absolute percentage error across the whole PIDE dataset. The red dotted line indicates the average value. (B) RMSE distribution across the whole PIDE dataset. The red dotted line indicates the average value. (C) RMSE for the V79 cell line comparing our model, LEM, and MKM. The colored dotted lines indicate the average values. (D) RMSE for the HSG cell line comparing our model, LEM, and MKM. The colored dotted lines indicate the average values.