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. 2026 Jul 1;17:1876915. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1876915

Table 3.

Between-group differences in outcome variables across latent profiles of physical exercise.

Variables Latent profiles Mean SE Differences between groups (class K-class K + i, i = 0, 1, 2, 3) Overall chi-square test
I II III
SC Profile I 56.899 0.469 0 39.477***
Profile II 59.903 0.611 35.152*** 0
Profile III 61.812 0.688 13.941*** 3.873* 0
PSU Profile I 31.638 0.549 0 37.818***
Profile II 28.680 0.582 37.006*** 0
Profile III 26.953 0.545 12.578*** 4.205* 0
AB Profile I 46.069 0.432 0 48.664***
Profile II 43.386 0.473 46.672*** 0
Profile III 41.572 0.501 16.144*** 6.217* 0

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; SC, self-control; PSU, problematic smartphone use; AB, academic burnout.