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. 2026 Jul 1;14:1873901. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2026.1873901

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Copyright © 2026 Hu, Hu, Luo, Jiang, Zheng, Wang, Wang, Wang and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart outlining the study design for a retinal imaging cohort in pregnant women, detailing initial screening, participant exclusions, enrollment, image acquisition, quality assessment, AI image processing, and final analytical cohort composition by clinical group. — Recruitment and image-exclusion flow diagram.